<p>Faunsdale Plantation is a historic plantation near Faunsdale, Alabama, United States. The slave quarters on the property are among the most significant examples of slave housing in Marengo County and are among the last remaining examples in the state of Alabama. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 13 July 1993 as a part of the Plantation Houses of the Alabama Canebrake and Their Associated Outbuildings Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation was established in the 1830s by Messrs. Pearson and Henry Augustine Tayloe, who owned New Hope Plantation and co-owned Walnut Grove, Oakland (or "Woodville" it was then) and Adventure Plantations, in the Canebrake and would later race horses in Alabama and co-found the Louisiana Jockey Club, now the New Orleans Fairgrounds, with Bernard de Marigny in 1839. Henry Augustine, who later built St. Andrew&#39;s Episcopal Church (Prairieville, Alabama) and served as Secretary of the Alabama Diocesan Episcopal Convention, was the local land agent for his brothers: Benjamin Ogle Tayloe of Washington DC and owner of Windsor, Sidson and Meadow Hill, in the Canebrake (father to Pvt Edward T Tayloe, later of Windsor Plantation, Canebrake); William Henry Tayloe of Mount Airy, co-owner of Oakland (or "Woodville" it was then), Adventure, later part of Cuba Plantation, and Larkin Plantations in the Canebrake; Edward Thornton Tayloe of Powhatan Plantation and owner of Oak Grove in the Canebrake; and George Plater Tayloe of Buena Vista Plantation (father of Maj. John William Tayloe, architect of nearby Hawthorne and buried Oak Hill Cemetery (Birmingham, Alabama); and Col. George E Tayloe-both of the Canebrake), owner of Elmwood in Arcola and co-owner Walnut Grove on the Demopolis Uniontown Road. These five brothers were sons of Col John Tayloe III of the Octagon House in Washington DC and grandsons of Col John Tayloe II who built the grand colonial estate Mount Airy in Richmond Co, Virginia. These brothers are "considered the most important pioneer cotton planters of the Canebrake, as to the extent of their enterprise there."</p><br>
<p>Nine Hundred and Sixty acres were then purchased by Dr. Thomas Alexander Harrison from Charles City County, Virginia in 1843. "Dr. Harrison was one of the notable acquisitions to the Canebrake and to the citizenship of Alabama. He was a gentleman of most polished manners, handsome person and rare intelligence. He was six feet high, weight of 200 pounds but active, a fine dancer and an expert horseman. He never resumed practice of his profession in the Canebrake, giving his attention to the plantation, which he cultivated in the highest customary skill. Every morning, as he rode among the negroes in their hoes, plows, etc., every individual man and woman, young or old, saluted the master: "Good morning," the males with lifted hat and the females with pronounced courtesie. The custom was peculiar to the Faunsdale plantation. There was a touch of superstition in Dr. Harrison&#39;s prejudices, it seems. The negroes had increased in natural way several years, outgrowing the original plenty of cultivable acres on the plantation. The master had desired a tract of 340 acres adjoining, owned by Mr. Robert Armstead but it was not to be sold. Dr. Harrison dreamed he had met Mr. Armstead mounted on the line and had purchased the tract. After breakfast still impressed with his dream a few hours earlier, he rode to the point the dream indicated. Mr. Armstead presently appeared, mounted, and remarking that he expected to remove to Montgomery to live, as United States Marshal of the District Court, the Pierce administration; he had sold his plantation nearby to a gentleman, Mr. Walker, from Georgia, and now Dr. Harrison was at liberty to buy the detached 240 acres. The negroes continued to increase in natural way. About 1855 Dr. Harrison bought land in Louisiana near the Mississippi river, wild land. He sent a strong force of negroes there."</p><br>
<p>"Mrs. Harrison was notable woman. She had been educated in every advantage this country offered to her generation. She was taught by governess and tutor at home, Edenton, and seven years was a pupil at a famous school for girls in New York. Her mind was brilliant, her temper was amiable, her manners distinguished. Several years in widowhood, she married Rev. William A. Stickney of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He took his residence in the Faunsdale plantation. He was a remarkable man, intelligent, resourceful, hospitable, a minister of note in his church.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Harrison, before her second marriage, built a handsome chapel on her plantation for the use of her negroes. Mrs. McRae of the Athol plantation, widow, also built a chapel for her negroes. Msr. Bocock of the Waldwic plantation built one, Mr. Terrell, owner of the Brame plantation, built one. Dr. and Mrs. Harrison were parents of one child only, Louise, who married her cousin, William B. Shepard of Edenton."</p><br>
<p>Named after Faunus, the ancient Roman deity of the forest, plains, and fields. Harrison is known to have brought a large number of slaves with him from Virginia, he is listed in the 1850 Federal Census of Marengo County as having $18,300 in property. Dr. Harrison was killed in a buggy accident on 5 Sept 1858 and the nearby town of Faunsdale was named after his plantation in his honor. "Mrs. Harrison converted the "M" to U in the ortography. It was on the Uniontown and Dayton road, five miles east of the first named place, and Dayton was seven southwest."</p><br>
<p>Faunsdale Plantation is one of the few large plantations in Alabama where detailed slave records were kept and managed to survive as part of the historical record. These records indicate that the Harrison family held roughly 99 slaves in 1846. This number had increased to 161 by 1857. A list from 1 January 1864 also indicates that Harrison&#39;s widow, Louisa, owned 186 slaves, at least 35 families. Some of the slave surnames noted at that time were Barron, Brown, Francis, Harison, Iredell, Mutton, Nathan, Newbern, Paine, Parsons, Richmond, Washington, and Wills. Fourteen of these enslaved people had died by the end of 1864 from causes ranging from typhoid fever to measles.</p><br>
<h2>St. Michael’s Church</h2><br>
<p>In 1844 Harrison and his wife, Louisa, gave 1 acre of their plantation for the building of a log church across from their plantation house. In 1846, Alabama&#39;s first Episcopal bishop, Nicholas Hamner Cobbs, visited Faunsdale Plantation and noted that Louisa Harrison gave regular instruction to her slaves by reading the services of the church and teaching the catechism to their children. In 1852 the church was renamed St. Michael’s Episcopal Church and by 1855 a Gothic Revival style church building had been constructed.</p><br>
<p>A churchyard for burials was established in 1858 with Dr. Harrison being the first interment. Slaves, and later freedmen, from the plantation began to be buried there in 1860. The church building was moved to the town of Faunsdale in 1888 and was later destroyed by a tornado in 1932, though the churchyard remained an active burial ground.</p><br>
<p>Several years after the death of Thomas Harrison, Louisa remarried to Rev. William A. Stickney, the Episcopal minister for St. Michael&#39;s, in 1864. Stickney had been one of the first ministers ordained by Bishop Cobbs and was appointed by Bishop Richard Wilmer as a "Missionary to the Negroes" in 1863. Louisa joined him as an unofficial fellow minister among the African Americans of the Black Belt.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The plantation house at Faunsdale Plantation is a simple Greek Revival style two-story wood frame structure with a gabled roof, flanked on each side with one-story gabled wings. The nearby slave cabins date from 1860 and are also wood frame structures with high-pitched gables and scalloped barge boards that show a Carpenter Gothic influence.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ruby, also known as Camp Ruby, was built in 1862 by the United States Army, during the American Civil War, in the "wilderness of eastern Nevada." It protected the overland mail coaches and Pony Express, in order to maintain links and communication between residents of California and the Union. It was operated 1862 to 1869, in territory dominated by bands of the Western Shoshone. The fort was located at the east entrance to the Overland Pass from Ruby Valley, near Hobson on the west side of Ruby Lake.</p><br>
<p>To secure access and safe passage through this area, as well as to provide for construction of railroads and other needs, the US signed the Treaty of Ruby Valley with twelve chiefs of the Western Shoshone, who did not cede any territory. The US also gained permission to conduct gold mining in this territory, as it needed gold in order to wage war against the Confederacy. It promised payments of annuities of $5000 annually for 20 years to the Western Shoshone, in the form of goods and livestock, but failed to make any payments after the first year.</p><br>
<p>The site, which at the time contained several surviving log buildings, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Two of the four landmarked buildings on the site burned in a fire in 1992. Since the "log structures were in poor condition when this site was designated as a Landmark, and they have been altered and deteriorated significantly since designation," continued landmark status is under review by the Department of Interior.</p><br>
<p>The site was transferred from private ownership to federal control in 2002. Since then a joint archaeological venture to explore Fort Ruby’s frontier legacy has been conducted by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service and the USA Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>Leonard Rockshelter, designated 26PE14, is a prehistoric site in the USA state of Nevada that was discovered in 1936. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961, qualifying because its well-preserved stratigraphy revealed a long continuum of sporadic cultural occupations from 6710 BC to AD 1400. The site was named after Zenas Leonard, a member of the Bonneville-Walker expedition which passed through the Humboldt Valley in 1833. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Leonard Rockshelter is located on a limestone outcrop in rural Pershing County, Nevada. It is an uplifted dike, whose layers are turned sharply upward, and have since been in part covered by subsequent sedimentary deposits. The formation yields a sheltered area facing north, with scree slopes of tufa limestone eroded from the formation below it. Portions of the sheltered area have been obscured by rock falls from above, making archaeological excavation or analysis difficult.</p><br>
<p>The area first attracted archaeological attention in 1936, when guano miners recovered artifacts from the site, including shell beads, feathers, and wooden projectiles. The following year, a team from the University of California at Berkeley spent two days at the site, collecting a larger number of samples. Some of these were later radiocarbon dated to between 6710 and 5088 BCE. Further analysis has indicated that there were at least three distinct periods of occupation in prehistory, in addition to historic artifacts from the 19th century. One find dating to c. 3500 BCE was of an infant burial in a basket that had become complete carbonized over time. The oldest dated finds at the site are to c. 9249 BCE, not long after the recession of prehistoric Lake Lahontan from the region.</p><br>
<p>Twin Mountain is a mountain located in Greene County, New York.</p><br>
<p>Twin gets its name from its two summits; the lower, 3,590-ft (1,090 m) peak is about.5 mi to the southeast of the higher.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Devil&#39;s Path range of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>To the northwest, Twin Mtn. is separated from Sugarloaf Mountain by Pecoy Notch; to the southeast, Twin Mtn. is separated from Indian Head Mountain by Jimmy Dolan Notch.</p><br>
<p>Twin Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The northwest end and northeast side of Twin Mtn. drain into the headwaters of Schoharie Creek, thence into the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The southeast end of Twin Mtn. drains into Saw Kill, thence into Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side of Twin drains into Beaver Kill, thence into Esopus Creek.</p><br>
<p>Twin Mountain is contained within New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Devil&#39;s Path hiking trail traverses the summit ridge of Twin.</p><br>
<p>The Long Path, a 350 mi long-distance hiking trail through southeastern New York, is contiguous with this stretch of the Devil&#39;s Path.</p><br>
<p>Camp Parapet was a Civil War fortification at Shrewsbury, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, a bit more than a mile upriver from the current city limits of New Orleans.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fortification consisted of a Confederate defensive line about a mile and 3/4 long stretching from the Mississippi River northward to Metairie Ridge. (The area further north from the ridge to Lake Pontchartrain was at the time swampland.) This was intended to protect the city of New Orleans from Union attack from upriver. As the Union fleet took the city by sailing in from below, the fortification was never used. After the capture of New Orleans, USA forces garrisoned and expanded the fortifications to defend against a Confederate counter-attack, which never came.</p><br>
<p>Under Union control, the Camp lay in the district of Brigadier General Thomas W. Sherman. In late-September 1862, Halbert E. Paine, captain of the Fourth Wisconsin Volunteer Regiment, assumed command of the camp. George H. Hanks, a lieutenant in the 12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was detailed as Aide de Camp for Sherman for the superintendence of the many contraband arriving at the camp. He organized six colonies at Camp Parapet each led by a non-commissioned officer and directed black labor in the repair and fortification of the camp and surroundings. This scheme was expanded under Hanks to become the Bureau of Negro Labor, which was one of the organizations which would eventually become the Freedmen&#39;s Bureau.</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<h3>Powder magazine</h3><br>
<p>The only remaining structure of the fortification is the powder magazine, of brick enclosed in an earth mound. It is located off Causeway Boulevard near the American Legion Post 267, preserved in a small park and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h3>Cemetery site</h3><br>
<p>Nearby is the historic Shrewsbury (Camp Parapet) Cemetery, the site of the camp&#39;s cemetery, where 7,000 Union bodies were once interred before being moved to Chalmette National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>HMS Marigold&#39; was a of the Royal Navy.</p><br>
<h2>Career</h2><br>
<p>Marigold was launched from the yards of Hall, Russell & Company, of Aberdeen, Scotland on 16 November 1940. She went on to have an eventful career in a number of the theatres of the Second World War.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>7 May 1941 she picked up 19 survivors from the torpedoed British merchant 200 mi south west of Reykjavík, Iceland.</p><br>
<p>16 November 1941 she engaged the which sank at 2155hrs, after a sustained attack with depth charges and gunfire in the Mediterranean Sea, 25 nmi east of Gibraltar. Marigold picked up a number of survivors and took them to Gibraltar.</p><br>
<p>U-Boat Sunk. The Admiralty is now able to announce that a German U-boat has been destroyed by the corvette H.M.S. Marigold (Lieutenant J. Renwick, R.N.R.) in the area in which H.M.S. Ark Royal had been torpedoed only two days before. As this U-boat was patrolling in the same waters it is practically certain that it was concerned in the attack on H.M.S. Ark Royal. H.M.S. Marigold attacked with depth charges. These forced the U-boat to the surface and it was at once engaged by gun- fire from the corvette. The crew of the U-boat took to the water as their vessel sank. Thirty-four survivors were picked up and are prisoners of war. H.M.S. Marigold was built by Hall, Russell and Co., of Aberdeen. U-BOAT SUNK PROBABLE ATTACKER OF ARK ROYAL.</p><br>
<p>The Times November 21st 1941</p><br>
<p>On 15 June 1942 she picked up 41 survivors from the British merchant, 20 survivors from the Norwegian tanker and 29 survivors from the British merchant that had been torpedoed and sunk by 380 mi West of Corunna, Spain. On 13 November 1942 she rescued 81 survivors from the British merchant which had been torpedoed and sunk by off Oran, Algeria.</p><br>
<h2>Sinking</h2><br>
<p>In the late evening of 9 December 1942 HMS Marigold was escorting convoy KMS 3Y, off Algiers, Algeria. The convoy was attacked in the late evening by three S.79 VTBs of the 105º Gruppo AS (105th Torpedo group) led by Captain Urbano Mancini. Marigold was hit by a torpedo at around 1515 hours and sank a short time later with 40 of her crew killed. Lieutenant James Alexander Smith Halcrow, RNR had been her commanding officer since 25 April 1942 and was among those lost.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton White House is a historic home in Syracuse, New York. The house, Greek Revival in design, was built by and for Hamilton White, Esq circa 1840/42, and occupied by his family in 1842/43. Many believe based on similarities in structure and style that the unknown architect and builder was the same person who designed and built the Moses Burnett House, completed in early 1842, later to become the Syracuse Century Club building. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 due to its significance in the area of architecture and its relationship, through Hamilton White, to the commerce and politics of Syracuse.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton White, born in 1807, lived at the White House until his death in 1865; his family retained ownership until 1911/12, although the building briefly housed the Kanatenah Club. The house is the last of a number of National Register of Historic Places-listed residential structures, in original construction and exterior, remaining in the immediate vicinity of downtown, along the citys Fayette (later, Firemans) Park. In 1976 it was purchased by an investment group and converted into business offices. In 2002, it was sold to a private environmental firm, but remains offices for lawyers and other small businesses.</p><br>
<p>The White family was prominent in central New York. Hamilton White was the third son of John (also referred to as Asa) White, a farmer and gristmill owner in Homer. Hamilton White became a lawyer, farmer, investor and businessman, and moved to Syracuse after a legal apprenticeship in Buffalo, with his wife Sarah Randolf Rich. Together, they raised five children. White co-founded the Syracuse Bank, the Syracuse Coarse Salt Company (Syracuse was a principal supplier of salt in America), and became trustee for and investor in both the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railroad, as well as numerous commercial businesses, some that he founded.</p><br>
<p>He was active in numerous community leadership roles, especially religious and social-welfare issues. He was a leading philanthropist, he, his family and descendants supporting many community, religious and civic organizations, including founding or co-founding Syracuse Universitys Crouse College, Cornell University, St. Pauls Episcopal Cathedral, the Orphans Home, now Elmcrest Childrens Home, and the Syracuse Home Association, originally a multi-faith consortium to provide community and social services, especially for the poor, now a provider of long-term healthcare and elder-care services.</p><br>
<p>The family supported the abolishment of slavery, quietly funding black churches and the underground railroad and recruited national speakers to visit Syracuse during the 1850s. He also supported the efforts of Dr. Samuel May, the founder of May Memorial Unitarian Universalist Church.</p><br>
<p>The local United Way leadership campaign, the Hamilton White Society, is named for the familys philanthropy and community development support. Created in 1988, The Hamilton White Society is the United Ways national model for leadership in small and medium-sized communities.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent of his five children, Hamilton Salisbury White (1853–1899), was also a lawyer, real estate owner, investor, businessman, who dedicated his life to be a professional firefighter, and later became a city fire commissioner. He funded his own fire company becoming the first paid and professional firehouse in the world. Among White&#39;s many contributions to safety and equipment design, White is also acknowledged for first initiating the concept of "response time" into firefighting and life-saving techniques.</p><br>
<p>His interest started at an early age. As early as age four, he boarded his pony cart in the stables behind the house and rushed out to watch the volunteer firefighters of the city; watching their efforts shaped his future life. Later, as a student at Cornell, he stabled a horse outside his dorm room, so he could visit fires and watch the volunteer firemen in Ithaca, NY.</p><br>
<p>After graduation from Cornell University, Hamilton S. White returned to Syracuse, developed the citys first public, mechanical and electric fire alarm systems, copied after Ithacas mechanical system, and built his firehouse at the former 400 Genesee Street, close to the family house. Here, he boarded and trained his fire company, provided all the firefighters equipment and support, paid the mens salaries, and educated the company in science and techniques of building construction/structural design, fire science and basic chemistry, since many fires were chemically-based. He continually focused on the firefighters&#39; education and improvement in what he regarded as a "science of firefighting." His company worked seven days on, seven off.</p><br>
<p>He is credited with re-designing the firefighters "turnout suit," creating the first second-floor dormitory with the "firemans pole" for fast access to the engine from the dormitory sleeping quarters, integrating the world&#39;s first electric/mechanical alarm system into the firehouse, as well as numerous other safety inventions.</p><br>
<p>He integrated the alarm system into the door-gate using counterweights to lower the horse collars, also counter-weighting the sheets and blankets into the dormitory fly-space (the reason early firehouses had high ceilings), lined horse stalls with plush carpeting, and provided a library as well as a custom carved pool table for the men&#39;s recreation.</p><br>
<p>White is credited with the first practical use of the concept of "response time". Others have also taken credit with the original idea, but White challenged his company (who were mostly second sons of farmers) to arrive at a reported fire site before he could ride from his home or a community event to the fires location, usually under five minutes. The normal arrival period for volunteers was 20 or more minutes. White, himself, would arrive at a fire, dressed in his turnout and equipment, before his company, coming from his home or a community function. He had realized the importance of early arrival in saving lives and property. That he recognized this imperative and used his firehouse as a training center for fire fighting technique and sciences resulted in his being characterized as the first "gentleman fireman" and the "worlds first professional firefighter".</p><br>
<p>Ironically, White died in 1899 fighting a downtown chemical fire - most probably from a heart attack induced by toxic fumes from burning chemicals stored in the rear of the structure. He died at the nearby Dawson&#39;s Pharmacy in downtown Syracuse.</p><br>
<p>The White family remained in the house until 1911; the property was sold out of family ownership in 1912 and later belonged to a neighboring church and various businesses. Detailed information on both the house and White family is available in the Onondaga Historic Association.</p><br>
<p>The park across from the house (Fireman&#39;s Park, but known by its original name of Fayette Park) was used to fence in farm animals for the several park-side residences. It was later converted to a city park and today is the site of a number of statues and monuments to fallen firefighters, including the Hamilton White Monument, designed by Gail Sherman Corbett and built in 1904. Sherman, a native Syracusean, was one of the first independent female architects and designers in the US.</p><br>
<p>Other prominent family members included: Horace K White (banking, salt industry), Horace White, II (NYS Senator, Lt. Governor, Governor), Howard Ganson White (Syracuse Standard newspaper founder/publisher), Adelaide, wife of Hamilton S. (singer, inventor), Jane Antoinette White Swift Sherman (patron of arts, music, founder of Morning Musicals), Hamilton Howard White (founder of Hamilton White Insurance Company, real estate), Kathrine Cook White (pioneer radio broadcaster), Andrew Dickson White (diplomat, ambassador, Cornell University&#39;s co-founder and first president), Andrew White Swift (painter), Andrew White Swift II (news critic), Ernest I White, an attorney and Syracuse University Law School sponsor/funding, Hamilton White Wright (travel writer, playwright, US/European amateur golf champion), Hamilton S White, Esq (Syracuse law firm Hancock & Estabrook) and Hamilton S White, Jr. (banking, law, corporate governance, enterprise risk management).</p><br>
<p>The family owned a number of historic landmark buildings: The Hamilton and Horace White Memorial Building (1876), the original property at the current Chimes Building, the White House/Farm (later, Onondaga Golf and Country Club and the Lyndon Golf Courses), five historic mansions, three along Syracuse&#39;s prestigious James Street and two more in the nearby village of Fayetteville, New York, and various commercial properties throughout downtown Syracuse.</p><br>
<p>At his death in 1899, Hamilton Salisbury White also left his widow, Adelaide, 46 residential properties designed or rebuilt by renowned architect Ward Wellington Ward, plus other homes built by other well known local architects. White bought these properties from fire victims, rebuilt them at his personal cost, and allowed the victim families rent-free use, until those former owners could in turn repurchase them at cost, or chose to move to other quarters.</p><br>
<p>Pewee Valley Confederate Cemetery is the site of the old Kentucky Confederate Home. The cemetery is not only on the National Register of Historic Places, but an individual monument within it, the Confederate Memorial in Pewee Valley, is separately on it as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS. It is the only cemetery for Confederate veterans, 313 in total, that is an official state burying ground in Kentucky.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In May 1871, several local citizens of Pewee Valley, Kentucky, 20 mi northeast of Louisville, Kentucky, decided they wanted a local public cemetery. By August 1871 the land was purchased. The following spring, in 1872, the cemetery was organized and plants were placed to beautify the area. When they were finished, they asked for a charter from the Kentucky state government.</p><br>
<p>Close to the cemetery, the Villa Ridge Inn was built in 1889. The site was a four-story summer resort was to be popular with Louisville entrepreneurs and their families. However, despite being a $90,000 construction with "majestic architecture", it never attracted enough visitors to stay in business. Between the Inn&#39;s closure and 1902, it had temporarily become a private high school, the successor to the Kentucky College for Young Ladies.</p><br>
<p>When the approval for the Confederate home was gained in 1904, the cemetery was divided into three parts; one for Confederate veterans, one for whites, and one for blacks.</p><br>
<p>In 1902 the Kentucky state assembly unanimously approved the building of a veterans home specifically for Confederate veterans of the American Civil War by the cemetery. It was done at the behest of former Confederate officer Bennett H. Young, who had long desired such a facility as he saw many former Confederate veterans were no longer able to take care of themselves. After Youngs group acquired $16,000, the legislation was approved. Youngs group of Confederate veterans and the Daughters of the Confederacy chose the Villa Ridge site just outside the cemetery, as it was well-sited and very inexpensive compared to what it had cost to build in 1889. The cemetery was established shortly after the hospital was opened, with the special monument built soon afterwards. The total area of the home and cemetery was 11,275 square feet.</p><br>
<p>In the years it was an active veterans facility, it provided a hospital, nursing care, food, entertainment, and religious services for up to 350 veterans at a time, providing a home for 700 former Confederate soldiers in its years of operations. The requirements to be a resident of the home was to not only be a former Confederate soldier, but to have been a resident of Kentucky for the past six months, be mentally stable, and to have no problems with alcoholism. Many of the veterans once served under John Hunt Morgan. A fire on March 25, 1920 destroyed the main building, as well as an infirmary ward and laundry. Fortunately, no lives were lost, and the rest of the facility was enough to house those residents still using the home. Eventually, the number of veterans who could be served dwindled, and by 1934 the hospital was no more, with the remaining five residents being transferred to the nearby Pewee Valley Sanitorium.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>All that remains of the hospital is its main gate, which was moved to become the entrance arch for the cemetery one mile away, and part of the walkway from the house to the railroad. A sign is placed along the pathway to mark it. The source of fresh water for the facility, a reservoir, was filled in during the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The monument is unique for Kentucky Civil War monuments in that it is built of zinc, whereas most are made of marble or limestone. Another oddity is that the obelisk and base are separated by an inscripted Gothic altar that acts as an arch on the face of the monument. Confederate flags are also crafted upon the monument.</p><br>
<p>Masonboro Island is a barrier island in New Hanover County, North Carolina. The island, which is undeveloped and accessible only by boat, is a component of the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve and a North Carolina State Natural Area. It lies south of Wrightsville Beach, separated by Masonboro Inlet, and north of Carolina Beach, separated by Carolina Beach Inlet. The island is a destination for boating, surfing, and camping.</p><br>
<p>Masonboro Island is a mix of marshes, dunes and tidal flats, with beaches along its Atlantic coastline and a chain of small hills and wetland islands along Masonboro Sound, which is part of the Intracoastal Waterway. The beaches are a nesting ground for loggerheads and green sea turtles, and the waters on the sound side of the island are a nursery for spot, mullet, flounder and pompano.</p><br>
<p>The Soviet evacuation of Tallinn, also called Tallinn disaster or Russian Dunkirk, was a Soviet operation to evacuate the 190 ships of the Baltic Fleet, units of the Red Army, and pro-Soviet civilians from the fleet&#39;s encircled main base of Tallinn in Soviet-occupied Estonia during August 1941.</p><br>
<p>Soviet forces had occupied Estonia in June 1940. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June 1941, German forces advanced rapidly through the Soviet-occupied Baltic states, and by the end of August the Estonian capital of Tallinn was surrounded by German forces, while a large part of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet was bottled up in Tallinn harbour.</p><br>
<p>In expectation of a Soviet breakout, the Kriegsmarine and the Finnish Navy had started on 8 August 1941 to lay minefields off Cape Juminda on the Lahemaa coast. While Soviet minesweepers tried to clear a path for convoys through the minefields, German coastal artillery installed a battery of 150 mm guns near Cape Juminda and the Finnish navy gathered their 2nd Motor Torpedo Boat Flotilla with patrol boats VMV9, VMV10, VMV11 and VMV17. At the same time the German 3. Schnellbootflottille with E-boats S-26, S-27, S-39, S-40 and S-101 was concentrated at Suomenlinna outside Helsinki. German Junkers Ju 88 bombers from Kampfgruppe 806 based on airfields in Estonia were put on alert. On 19 August the final German assault on Tallinn began.</p><br>
<p>During the night of 27/28 August 1941 the Soviet 10th Rifle Corps disengaged from the enemy and boarded transports in Tallinn.</p><br>
<p>The embarkation was protected by smoke screens, however, the mine-sweeping in the days before the evacuation began was ineffective due to bad weather, and there were no Soviet aircraft available for protecting the embarkation. This, together with heavy German shelling and aerial bombardment killed at least 1,000 of the evacuees in the harbor.</p><br>
<h2>Gauntlet in the Gulf of Finland</h2><br>
<p>Twenty large transports, eight auxiliary ships, nine small transports, a tanker, a tug, and a tender were organized into four convoys, protected by the Soviet cruiser Kirov, with Admiral Vladimir Tributs on board, two flotilla leaders, nine destroyers, three torpedo boats, twelve submarines, ten modern and fifteen obsolete minehunters, 22 minesweepers, 21 submarine chasers, three gun boats, a minelayer, thirteen patrol vessels and eleven torpedo boats.</p><br>
<p>On 28 August KG 77 and KGr 806 sank the 2,026 grt steamer Vironia, the 2,317 grt Lucerne, the 1,423 grt Atis Kronvalds and the ice breaker Krisjanis Valdemars (2,250 grt). The rest of the Soviet fleet were forced to change course. This took them through a heavily mined area. As a result, 21 Soviet warships, including five destroyers, struck mines and sank. On 29 August, the Luftwaffe, now reinforced with KG 76, KG 4 and KG 1, accounted for the transport ships Vtoraya Pyatiletka (3,974 grt), Kalpaks (2,190 grt) and Leningradsovet (1,270 grt) sunk. In addition, the ships Ivan Papanin, Saule, Kazakhstan and the Serp i Molot were damaged by I./KG 4, which also sank three more. Some 5,000 Soviet soldiers died.</p><br>
<p>Later that evening the armada was attacked by Finnish and German torpedo boats, and the chaotic situation made organized mine sweeping impossible. Darkness fell at 22:00 and the Soviet armada stopped and anchored at midnight in the heavily mined water.</p><br>
<p>Early on 29 August Ju 88 bombers attacked the remains of the convoys off Suursaari, sinking two transports. Meanwhile, the undamaged ships made best speed to reach the safety of the Kronstadt batteries. The heavily damaged merchant ship Kazakhstan disembarked 2300 men of the 5000 on board before steaming on to Kronstadt. In the following days ships operating from Suursaari rescued 12,160 survivors.</p><br>
<p>The Soviet evacuation of Tallinn succeeded in evacuating 165 ships, 28,000 passengers and 66,000 tons of equipment. At least 12,400 are thought to have drowned in circumstances little known outside the former Soviet Union. The event was long downplayed by the Communist regime after the war. The evacuation may have been the bloodiest naval disaster since the battle of Lepanto.</p><br>
<p>On the sixtieth anniversary a memorial was unveiled at Juminda.</p><br>
<h2>Partial list of sunk ships</h2><br>
<p>Latvian Icebreaker Krišjānis Valdemārs</p><br>
<p>Soviet Submarine S 5 - 28 August 1941, Gulf of Finland</p><br>
<p>Soviet Submarine S 6</p><br>
<p>Soviet Submarine Shch 301 - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Soviet Destroyer Yakov Sverdlov - 28 August 1941, off Mohni island</p><br>
<p>Soviet Destroyer Kalinin - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Soviet Destroyer Artem - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Soviet Destroyer Volodarski - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Soviet Destroyer Skoryi - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Patrol vessel Sneg - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Patrol vessel Tsiklon- 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Patrol vessel Jupiter</p><br>
<p>Gunboat I-8 - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Gunboat Amgun</p><br>
<p>Minesweeper No. 71 (Crab) - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Minesweeper No. 42 (Lenvodput-13) - 28 August 1941, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Minesweeper T-214 (Bugel), off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Minesweeper T-216, off Cape Juminda</p><br>
<p>Minelayer TTS-56 (Barometr)</p><br>
<p>Minelayer TTS-71 (Krab)</p><br>
<p>Minelayer TTS-42 (Izhorets-17)</p><br>
<p>Netlayer Vyatka</p><br>
<p>Netlayer Onega</p><br>
<p>Guard (rescue) ship Saturn</p><br>
<p>Submarine chaser MO 202</p><br>
<p>Motor torpedo boat TK 103</p><br>
<p>25 large and 9 smaller merchantmen (most of them lost to mines), including:</p><br>
<p>Estonian transport SS Eestirand (VT 532) - 24 August 1941, off Prangli Island</p><br>
<p>VT -511/ALEV (1446grt)</p><br>
<p>VT-512/TOBOL (2758grt)</p><br>
<p>VT-547/JARVAMAA (1363grt)</p><br>
<p>EVERITA (3251grt)</p><br>
<p>VT-518/LUGA (2329grt)</p><br>
<p>VT-512/KUMARI (237grt)</p><br>
<p>BALKHASH (2191grt)</p><br>
<p>JANA (2917grt)</p><br>
<p>VT -584/NAISSAAR (1839grt)</p><br>
<p>VT -537/ERGONAUTIS (206grt)</p><br>
<p>VT -530/ELLA (1522grt)</p><br>
<p>AUSMA (1791grt)</p><br>
<p>Tanker TN-12 (1700grt).</p><br>
<p>Also, mines heavily damaged destroyer leader Minsk, destroyers Gordy and Slavnyi, minesweeper T-205 and other ships.</p><br>
<p>Cross Lake is a large lake in Manitoba on the Nelson River north of Lake Winnipeg. It is long and narrow and extends 102 km  east-northeast.</p><br>
<p>The Nelson River west channel enters the lake at the Jenpeg Dam and the Nelson River east channel enters near the communities of Cross Lake and Cross Lake First Nation. The river then flows north to Sipiwesk Lake. The Minago River enters on the west.</p><br>
<p>The lake level is regulated by Manitoba Hydro at the Jenpeg Generating Station (54&deg;32&prime;36&Prime;N latitude, 98&deg;1&prime;36&Prime;W longitude) at the southern end of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Portage Routes</h2><br>
<p>From Moon Lake, the source of the Minago River, a portage led to South Moose Lake and the Saskatchewan River. On the southeast side of Cross Lake via the Walker River, Walker Lake and Kapaspwaypanik Lake the Kapaspwaypanik Portage led to the Carrot River and Oxford Lake on the Hayes River.</p><br>
<p>Summer Lake is a large, shallow, alkali lake in Lake County, Oregon, United States located 5 mi south of the small, unincorporated community of Summer Lake, Oregon. At high water it is about 15 mi long and 5 mi wide, and supports a wide variety of birds and other wildlife in its marshes. The lake was named by explorer John C. Fremont on his expedition into Central Oregon in 1843.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient Lake Chewaucan</h2><br>
<p>The arid lands around Summer Lake were once lush. During the Pleistocene Epoch, vast areas of this region of south central Oregon were covered by lakes and wetlands. As the last ice age was ending, rain and runoff from melting snow filled the lowlands throughout this region of the Great Basin, creating an immense, freshwater lake called Lake Chewaucan. The lake covered 461 square miles at depths of up to 375 ft.</p><br>
<p>Lake Chewaucan covered the Summer Lake basin and drainage system much of the late Pleistocene. The last high water period is thought to have occurred about 13,000 years ago. There is archaeological evidence of human use of Lake Chewaucan during this time. The oldest known human remains in the Western Hemisphere come from the Paisley Caves, wave-cut caves currently 10 miles southwest from Summer Lake. Lake Chewaucan began to dry up at the close of the Pleistocene. As it shrank, salts and alkali were concentrated in its remaining waters. The exposed lake bottom sediments were blown by the prevailing westerly winds to form the sand dunes that still lie on the east side of Summer Lake.</p><br>
<p>Today, Summer Lake and Abert Lake are separated by 20 mi and are the only remnants of Lake Chewaucan.</p><br>
<h2>Fremont expedition</h2><br>
<p>Summer Lake was spotted and named by Captain John C. Frémont during his 1843 mapping expedition through central Oregon. Fremont and his Army topographical team were mapping the Oregon Territory from The Dalles on Columbia River to Sutter&#39;s Fort in Sacramento, California. On 16 December 1843, the expedition struggled down a steep cliff from a snow-covered plateau to reach a large lake in the valley below. Fremont named the snow-covered rim "Winter Ridge" and the temperate waters "Summer Lake." Fremont described the discovery and naming of Summer Lake as follows:</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife refuge</h2><br>
<p>The Summer Lake Basin supports more than 250 species of birds including bald eagles, Canada geese, white faced ibis, yellow-headed blackbirds, goshawks, hermit thrushes, red-tail hawks, great blue herons, and numerous species of ducks. This makes Summer Lake a favorite bird watching and hunting area.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife maintains the Summer Lake Wildlife Area on the north side of the lake. The refuge consists of a large wetland marsh fed by the Ana River with associated high desert uplands with an 8.3 mi tour route open to the public most of the year. The refuge headquarters is located adjacent to Oregon Route 31 in the town of Summer Lake, directly across from the Summer Lake Lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Dust storm</h2><br>
<p>Plumes of Summer Lake dust, lifted by winds of up to 60 mph, are thought to be responsible for "dirty rain" that fell on February 6, 2015, across parts of three USA states: Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Scientists at Washington State University concluded that an unusual combination of weather systems carried the dust up to 500 mi north and northeast, where it mixed with rain, which turned "milky". Chalky residue coated cars and windows in Hermiston, Spokane, and at least 13 other cities.</p><br>
<p>St. Martin Island is located off the Garden Peninsula in Delta County in the USA state of Michigan. It is the southernmost island in Michigan that is part of a line of islands at the mouth of the bay of Green Bay and is part of the Niagara Escarpment.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Gravelly Island, Gull Island, and Little Gull Island are approximately two miles to the north and east across the St. Martin Island Passage. Rock Island in Wisconsin is approximately six miles south-southwest, across the Rock Island Passage. It is 18 mi from the Door County Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1864 the Peninsula Railroad was completed to connect Escanaba, Michigan to Negaunee iron mines. Escanaba&#39;s maritime commerce "exploded as vessels loaded with ore left the growing port headed for the hungry steel mills along the shores of the eastern lakes." The island and the surrounding reefs are a hazard to navigation, and as early as 1891, the United States Lighthouse Board asked Congress for appropriations to build a light there.</p><br>
<p>The request for a lighthouse was necessitated by the existence of a shoal that extends out for a mile each way from the island. It took the USA Congress eight years to appropriate the funds. St. Martin Island Light was constructed in 1905.</p><br>
<p>Robert W. Warner of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin was the first pilot to land on St. Martin Island in the early 1950s. To this day, no one else has traveled to the island by air.</p><br>
<p>The Fred Luber family bought roughly 94% of the island (1,244 acres) in the 1980s, intending to build a resort. The remote location made development difficult and the island was left unimproved. The Nature Conservancy bought the island in 2013, intending to donate it to the Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge as it is an important bird stopover point.</p><br>
<h2>Note</h2><br>
<p>"St. Martin Island" may also refer to islands in Mackinac County, Michigan. There is the St. Martin Island at 45&deg;57&prime;42&Prime;N latitude, 84&deg;34&prime;19&Prime;W longitude, which along with Little Saint Martin Island at 45&deg;56&prime;47&Prime;N latitude, 84&deg;33&prime;53&Prime;W longitude and Big Saint Martin Island at 45&deg;58&prime;06&Prime;N latitude, 84&deg;37&prime;41&Prime;W longitude form the St. Martin Islands group in the St. Martin Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Getting there</h2><br>
<p>St. Martin Island and the lighthouse are off limits to the public.</p><br>
<p>Foinikounta  is a seaside village and a community in the municipal unit of Pylos-Nestor, Messenia, Greece. It is situated in the southwestern tip of the Peloponnese peninsula, 9 km east of Methoni and 37 km southwest of Kalamata. It is most notable for its beautiful beaches which attract mostly Greek and other European visitors during the summer months. It has a small port. The community consists of the main village Foinikounta, the small villages Anemomylos, Chounakia, Grizokampos and Loutsa, and the island Schiza.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is believed to have been founded by the Phoenicians. The ancient town Phoenicus (Φοινικούς) was mentioned by Pausanias as a port west of Cape Akritas. It is believed that it was a small commercial port where the fishers of murex trunculus (a sea snail from which a known indigo dye is produced) could trade their product and has vanished in our days. The name most likely refers to the sea snail that the Greeks called Phoenikus (Φοινικούς).</p><br>
<p>The present village was founded in the 1840s by inhabitants of Lachanada, that had fled from Crete and Arcadians from Crisovitsi. It was initially called Taverna, after a tavern in the village. It received its present name in 1930. The main resources of the inhabitants are agriculture and tourism, which has flourished since the 1980s. Each of the three long sandy beaches in Foinikounta has been rated a Blue Flag beach.</p><br>
<p>Batavia Road is an anchorage, or roadstead, in the Pelsaert Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, off the coast of Western Australia. It is located at {{coord|28|58|S|113|58|E|scale:25000_region:AU-WA_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}, on the eastern side of Pelsaert Island, near its southern end. It was discovered and named in April 1840 by John Clements Wickham, captain of HMS Beagle. Wickham&#39;s assistant John Lort Stokes later wrote: In fact the Batavia was wrecked in the Wallabi Group, 60 kilometres  to the north. The wreckage seen by the Beagle was either that of the Zeewyk, or the unidentified wreck seen by the Zeewyks crew. The name Batavia Road is thus a misnomer, as are a number of other places named by Stokes, including Pelsaert Island, the Pelsaert Group, and Wreck Point. Stokes&#39; erroneous view was accepted without question for over fifty years, and it has been claimed that the confusion caused the discovery of the Batavia shipwreck to be set back by over a century.</p><br>
<p>Königsberg is the historical name for the present-day city of Kaliningrad, Russia. Originally a Sambian or Old Prussian city, it later belonged to the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and Germany until 1946. After being largely destroyed in World War II by</p><br>
<p>Soviet forces and annexed by the Soviet Union thereafter, the city was renamed Kaliningrad. Few traces of the former Königsberg remain today.</p><br>
<p>The literal meaning of Königsberg is King’s Mountain. In the local Low German dialect, spoken by many of its German former inhabitants, the name was Kenigsbarg. Further names included r=Kyonigsberg, Korolevets, Old Prussian: Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg, Karaliaučius, Królewiec, and Královec.</p><br>
<p>Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement Twangste by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named in honour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia. A Baltic port city, it successively became the capital of their monastic state, the Duchy of Prussia (1525-1701) and East Prussia. Königsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy, though the capital was moved to Berlin in 1701.</p><br>
<p>A university city, home of the Albertina University (founded in 1544), Königsberg developed into an important German intellectual and cultural centre, being the residence of Simon Dach, Immanuel Kant, Käthe Kollwitz, E. T. A. Hoffmann, David Hilbert, Agnes Miegel, Hannah Arendt, Michael Wieck and others.</p><br>
<p>Between the thirteenth and the twentieth centuries, the inhabitants spoke predominantly German, but the multicultural city also had a profound influence on the Lithuanian and Polish cultures. The city was a publishing centre of Lutheran literature, including the first Polish translation of the New Testament, printed in the city in 1551, the first book in Lithuanian language and the first Lutheran catechism, both printed in Königsberg in 1547.</p><br>
<p>Königsberg was the easternmost large city in Germany until World War II. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 and during the Battle of Königsberg in 1945; it was then captured and occupied by the Soviet Union on 9 April 1945. Its German population was expelled, and the city was repopulated with Russians and others from the Soviet Union. Briefly Russified as Kyonigsberg (Кёнигсберг), it was renamed "Kaliningrad" in 1946 in honour of Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin. Following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, it became the only notable Russian city named after a Bolshevik. It is now the capital of Russia&#39;s Kaliningrad Oblast, an exclave bordered in the north by Lithuania and in the south by Poland.</p><br>
<p>The territory&#39;s current legal status is unclear. The Potsdam Agreement placed it provisionally under Soviet administration, but did not mention an explicit right of annexation. In the Final Settlement treaty of 1990, Germany renounced all claim to it, but without specifically transferring its former title to any other party.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Sambians</h3><br>
<p>Königsberg was preceded by a Sambian, or Old Prussian, fort known as Twangste (Tuwangste, Tvankste), meaning Oak Forest, as well as several Old Prussian settlements, including the fishing village and port Lipnick, and the farming villages Sakkeim and Trakkeim.</p><br>
<h3>Teutonic Order</h3><br>
<p>During the conquest of the Prussian Sambians by the Teutonic Knights in 1255, Twangste was destroyed and replaced with a new fortress known as Conigsberg. This name meant "King’s Barrow" (castrum Koningsberg, Mons Regius, Regiomontium), honoring King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who paid for the erection of the first fortress there during the Prussian Crusade. Northwest of this new Königsberg Castle arose an initial settlement, later known as Steindamm, roughly 4.5 mi from the Vistula Lagoon.</p><br>
<p>The Teutonic Order used Königsberg to fortify their conquests in Samland and as a base for campaigns against pagan Lithuania. Under siege during the Prussian uprisings in 1262–63, Königsberg Castle was relieved by the Master of the Livonian Order. Because the initial northwestern settlement was destroyed by the Prussians during the rebellion, rebuilding occurred in the southern valley between the castle hill and the Pregel River. This new settlement, Altstadt, received Culm rights in 1286. Löbenicht, a new town directly east of Altstadt between the Pregel and the Schlossteich, received its own rights in 1300. Medieval Königsberg&#39;s third town was Kneiphof, which received town rights in 1327 and was located on an island of the same name in the Pregel south of Altstadt.</p><br>
<p>Within the state of the Teutonic Order, Königsberg was the residence of the marshal, one of the chief administrators of the military order. The city was also the seat of the Bishopric of Samland, one of the four dioceses into which Prussia had been divided in 1243 by the papal legate, William of Modena. Adalbert of Prague became the main patron saint of Königsberg Cathedral, a landmark of the city located in Kneiphof.</p><br>
<p>Königsberg joined the Hanseatic League in 1340 and developed into an important port for the south-eastern Baltic region, trading goods throughout Prussia, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The chronicler Peter of Dusburg probably wrote his Chronicon terrae Prussiae in Königsberg from 1324–1330. After the Teutonic Order&#39;s victory over pagan Lithuanians in the 1348 Battle of Strawen, Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode established a Cistercian nunnery in the city. Aspiring students were educated in Königsberg before continuing on to higher education elsewhere, such as Prague or Leipzig.</p><br>
<p>Although the knights suffered a crippling defeat in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), Königsberg remained under the control of the Teutonic Knights throughout the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War. Livonian knights replaced the Prussian branchs garrison at Königsberg, allowing them to participate in the recovery of towns occupied by Władysław II Jagiełłos troops.</p><br>
<p>In 1454 the Prussian Confederation rebelled against the Teutonic Knights and formally asked the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon, to incorporate Prussia into the Kingdom of Poland as a fief. This marked the beginning of the Thirteen Years War (1454-66) between the State of the Teutonic Order and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. While Königsbergs three towns initially joined the rebellion, Altstadt and Löbenicht soon rejoined the Teutonic Knights and defeated Kneiphof in 1455. Grand Master Ludwig von Erlichshausen fled from the crusaders capital at Castle Marienburg to Königsberg in 1457; the citys magistrate presented Erlichshausen with a barrel of beer out of compassion. When western Prussia was transferred to victorious Poland in the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), which ended the Thirteen Years&#39; War, Königsberg became the new capital of the reduced monastic state, which became a fief of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom. The grand masters took over the quarters of the marshal. During the Polish-Teutonic War (1519–1521), Königsberg was unsuccessfully besieged by Polish forces led by Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Firlej.</p><br>
<h3>Duchy of Prussia</h3><br>
<p>Through the preachings of the Bishop of Samland, Georg von Polenz, Königsberg became predominantly Lutheran during the Protestant Reformation. After summoning a quorum of the Knights to Königsberg, Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg (a member of the House of Hohenzollern) secularised the Teutonic Knights&#39; remaining territories in Prussia in 1525 and converted to Lutheranism. By paying feudal homage to his uncle, King Sigismund I of Poland, Albert became the first duke of the new Duchy of Prussia, a fief of Poland.</p><br>
<p>While the Prussian estates quickly allied with the duke, the Prussian peasantry would only swear allegiance to Albert in person at Königsberg, seeking the duke&#39;s support against oppressive nobility. After convincing the rebels to lay down their arms, Albert had several of their leaders executed.</p><br>
<p>Königsberg, the capital, became one of the biggest cities and ports of ducal Prussia, having considerable autonomy, a separate parliament and currency. While German served as the fief&#39;s official language, the city served as a vibrant center of publishing in both the Polish and Lithuanian Languages. The city flourished through the export of wheat, timber, hemp, and furs, as well as pitch, tar, and ash. Königsberg was one of the few Baltic ports regularly visited by more than one hundred ships annually in the latter 16th century, along with Danzig and Riga. The University of Königsberg, founded by Albert in 1544 and receiving the royal privilege from King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland in 1560, became a centre of Protestant teaching. The university had a profound impact on the development of Lithuanian culture, and several important Lithuanian writers attended the Albertina. The university was also the preferred educational institution of the Baltic German nobility.</p><br>
<p>The capable Duke Albert was succeeded by his feeble minded son, Albert Frederick. Anna, daughter of Albert Frederick, married Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg, who was granted the right of succession to Prussia on Albert Frederick&#39;s death in 1618. From this time the Electors of Brandenburg, the rulers of Brandenburg-Prussia, governed the Duchy of Prussia and Königsberg.</p><br>
<h3>Brandenburg-Prussia</h3><br>
<p>When Imperial and then Swedish armies overran Brandenburg during the Thirty Years&#39; War of 1618-1648, the Hohenzollern court fled to Königsberg. On 1 November 1641, Elector Frederick William persuaded the Prussian diet to accept an excise tax. In the Treaty of Königsberg of January 1656, the elector recognized his Duchy of Prussia as a fief of Sweden. In the Treaty of Wehlau in 1657, however, he negotiated the release of Prussia from Polish sovereignty in return for an alliance with Poland. The 1660 Treaty of Oliva confirmed Prussian independence from both Poland and Sweden.</p><br>
<p>In 1661 Frederick William informed the Prussian diet that he possessed jus supremi et absoluti domini, and that the Prussian Landtag could convene with his permission. The Königsberg burghers, led by Hieronymus Roth of Kneiphof, opposed "the Great Electors" absolutist claims, and actively rejected the Treaties of Wehlau and Oliva, seeing Prussia as "indisputably contained within the territory of the Polish Crown". Delegations from the citys burghers went to the Polish king, Jan Kazimierz, who initially promised aid, but then failed to follow through. The townspeople attacked the elector&#39;s troops while local Lutheran priests held masses for the Polish king and for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, Frederick William succeeded in imposing his authority after arriving with 3,000 troops in October 1662 and training his artillery on the town. Refusing to request mercy, Roth went to prison in Peitz until his death in 1678.</p><br>
<p>The Prussian estates which swore fealty to Frederick William in Königsberg on 18 October 1663 refused the electors requests for military funding, and Colonel Christian Ludwig von Kalckstein sought assistance from neighboring Poland. After the electors agents had abducted Kalckstein, he was executed in 1672. The Prussian estates submission to Frederick William followed; in 1673 and 1674 the elector received taxes not granted by the estates and Königsberg received a garrison without the estates consent. The economic and political weakening of Königsberg strengthened the power of the Junker nobility within Prussia.</p><br>
<p>Königsberg long remained a centre of Lutheran resistance to Calvinism within Brandenburg-Prussia; Frederick William forced the city to accept Calvinist citizens and property-holders in 1668.</p><br>
<h3>Kingdom of Prussia</h3><br>
<p>By the act of coronation in Königsberg Castle on 18 January 1701, Frederick Williams son, Elector Frederick III, became Frederick I, King in Prussia. The elevation of the Duchy of Prussia to the Kingdom of Prussia was possible because the Hohenzollerns authority in Prussia was independent of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire. Since "Kingdom of Prussia" was increasingly used to designate all of the Hohenzollern lands, former ducal Prussia became known as the Province of Prussia (1701–1773), with Königsberg as its capital. However, Berlin and Potsdam in Brandenburg were the main residences of the Prussian kings.</p><br>
<p>The city was wracked by plague and other illnesses from September 1709 to April 1710, losing 9,368 people, or roughly a quarter of its populace. On 13 June 1724, Altstadt, Kneiphof, and Löbenicht amalgamated to formally create the larger city Königsberg. Suburbs that subsequently were annexed to Königsberg include Sackheim, Rossgarten, and Tragheim.</p><br>
<h3>Russian Empire</h3><br>
<p>During the Seven Years War Imperial Russian troops occupied eastern Prussia at the beginning of 1758. On 31 December 1757, Empress Elizabeth I of Russia issued an ukase about the incorporation of Königsberg into Russia. On 24 January 1758, the leading burghers of Königsberg submitted to Elizabeth. Five Imperial Russian general-governors administered the city during the war from 1758–62; they included William Fermor and Nikolaus Friedrich von Korff. With the end of the Seven Years War the Russian army abandoned the town in 1763.</p><br>
<h3>Kingdom of Prussia</h3><br>
<p>After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Königsberg became the capital of the province of East Prussia in 1773, which replaced the Province of Prussia in 1773. By 1800 the city was approximately five miles (5 mi) in circumference and had 60,000 inhabitants, including a military garrison of 7,000, making it one of the most populous German cities of the time.</p><br>
<p>After Prussias defeat at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806 during the War of the Fourth Coalition, King Frederick William III of Prussia fled with his court from Berlin to Königsberg. The city was a centre for political resistance to Napoleon. In order to foster liberalism and nationalism among the Prussian middle class, the "League of Virtue" was founded in Königsberg in April 1808. The French forced its dissolution in December 1809, but its ideals were continued by the Turnbewegung of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in Berlin. Königsberg officials, such as Johann Gottfried Frey, formulated much of Steins 1808 Städteordnung, or new order for urban communities, which emphasized self-administration for Prussian towns. The East Prussian Landwehr was organized from the city after the Convention of Tauroggen.</p><br>
<p>In 1819 Königsberg had a population of 63,800. It served as the capital of the united Province of Prussia from 1824–1878, when East Prussia was merged with West Prussia. It was also the seat of the Regierungsbezirk Königsberg, an administrative subdivision.</p><br>
<p>Led by the provincial president Theodor von Schön and the Königsberger Volkszeitung newspaper, Königsberg was a stronghold of liberalism against the conservative government of King Frederick William IV.</p><br>
<p>The extensive Prussian Eastern Railway linked the city to Breslau, Thorn, Insterburg, Eydtkuhnen, Tilsit, and Pillau. In 1860 the railway connecting Berlin with St. Petersburg was completed and increased Königsbergs commerce. Extensive electric tramways were in operation by 1900; and regular steamers plied to Memel, Tapiau and Labiau, Cranz, Tilsit, and Danzig. The completion of a canal to Pillau in 1901 increased the trade of Russian grain in Königsberg, but, like much of eastern Germany, the citys economy was generally in decline. By 1900 the city&#39;s population had grown to 188,000, with a 9,000-strong military garrison. By 1914 Königsberg had a population of 246,000; Jews flourished in the culturally pluralistic city.</p><br>
<h3>Weimar Republic</h3><br>
<p>Following the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Imperial Germany was replaced with the democratic Weimar Republic. The Kingdom of Prussia ended with the abdication of the Hohenzollern monarch, William, and the kingdom was succeeded by the Free State of Prussia. Königsberg and East Prussia, however, were separated from the rest of Weimar Germany by the creation of the Polish Corridor.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, Josef Nadler became professor at Königsberg university.</p><br>
<h3>Nazi Germany</h3><br>
<p>In 1930s Nazis confiscated Jewish shops and, as in the rest of Germany, a public book burning was organized accompanied by anti-Semitic speeches in May 1933 at the Trommelplatz square. Street names and monuments of Jewish origin were removed, and signs such as "Jews are not welcomed in hotels" started appearing. As part of the statewide "aryanization" of the civil service Jewish academics were thrown out of the university.</p><br>
<p>In 1932 the local paramilitary SA had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in Königsberg, the Otto-Braun-House. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed, the executive editor of the Social Democrat "Königsberger Volkszeitung", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the German People&#39;s Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the Reichsbanner were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Lötzen, Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932.</p><br>
<p>On July 1934 Adolf Hitler made a speech in the city, gathering 25,000 supporters In 1933 NSDAP alone received 54% of votes in the city</p><br>
<p>After the Nazis took power in Germany, opposition politicians were persecuted and newspapers were banned. The Otto-Braun-House was requisitioned and became the headquarters of the SA, which used the house to imprison and torture opponents. Walter Schütz, a communist member of the Reichstag was murdered here. Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, the Wehrmacht designated Königsberg as the Headquarters for Wehrkreis I (under the command of General der Artillerie Albert Wodrig), which took in all of East Prussia. According to the census of May 1939, Königsberg had a population of 372,164.</p><br>
<h4>Persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime</h4><br>
<p>Prior to the Nazi era, Königsberg was home to a third of East Prussias 13,000 Jews. Under Nazi rule, the Polish and Jewish minorities were classified as Untermensch and persecuted by the authorities. The citys Jewish population shrank from 3,200 in 1933 to 2,100 in October 1938. The New Synagogue of Königsberg, constructed in 1896, was destroyed during Kristallnacht (9 November 1938); 500 Jews soon fled the city.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, in his Literaturgeschichte des deutschen Volkes Prof. Josef Nadler justified the removal of Jews from the German Volksraum. Shortly thereafter, the city of Königsberg awarded him with its Kant Preis.</p><br>
<p>After the Wannsee Conference of 20 January 1942, Königsberg&#39;s Jews began to be deported to camps such as Maly Trostenets, Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz.</p><br>
<h4>Persecution of Poles during World War II</h4><br>
<p>In September 1939 with the German invasion against Poland ongoing, the Polish consulate in Königsberg was attacked (which constituted a violation of international law), its workers arrested and sent to concentration camps where several of them died. Polish students at the local university were captured, tortured and finally executed. Other victims included local Polish civilians guillotined for petty violations of Nazi law and regulations such as buying and selling meat.</p><br>
<p>In September 1944 there were 69,000 slave labourers registered in the city (not counting prisoners of war), with most of them working on the outskirts; within the city itself 15,000 slave labourers were located. All of them were denied freedom of movement, forced to wear "P" sign if Poles, or "Ost" sign if they were from Soviet Union and were watched by special units of Gestapo and Wehrmacht. They were denied basic spiritual and physical needs and food, and suffered from famine and exhaustion. The conditions of the forced labour were described as "tragic", especially Poles and Russians, who were treated harshly by their German overseers. Ordered to paint German ships with toxic paints and chemicals, they were neither given gas-masks nor was there any ventilation in facilities where they worked, in order to speed up the construction of the ships, while the substances evaporated in temperatures as low as 40 Celsius. As a result, there were cases of sudden illness or death during the work.</p><br>
<h4>Destruction in World War II</h4><br>
<p>In 1944, Königsberg suffered heavy damage from British bombing attacks and burned for several days. The historic city centre, especially the original quarters Altstadt, Löbenicht, and Kneiphof, was destroyed, including the cathedral, the castle, all churches of the old city, the old and the new universities, and the old shipping quarters.</p><br>
<p>Many people fled from Königsberg ahead of the Red Armys advance after October 1944, particularly after word spread of the Soviet atrocities at Nemmersdorf. In early 1945, Soviet forces, under the command of the Polish-born Soviet Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky, besieged the city that Hitler had envisaged as the home for a museum holding all the Germans had found in Russia. In Operation Samland, General Baghramyans 1st Baltic Front, now known as the Samland Group, captured Königsberg in April. Although Hitler had declared Königsberg an "invincible bastion of German spirit", the Soviets captured the city after a three-month-long siege. A temporary German breakout had allowed some of the remaining civilians to escape via train and naval evacuation from the nearby port of Pillau. Königsberg, which had been declared a "fortress" (Festung) by the Germans, was fanatically defended.</p><br>
<p>On 21 January, during the Red Army&#39;s East Prussian Offensive, mostly Polish and Hungarian Jews from Seerappen, Jesau, Heiligenbeil, Schippenbeil, and Gerdauen (subcamps of Stutthof concentration camp) were gathered in Königsberg by the Nazis. Up to 7,000 of them were forced on a death march to Sambia: those that survived were subsequently executed at Palmnicken.</p><br>
<p>On 9 April – one month before the end of the war in Europe – the German military commander of Königsberg, General Otto Lasch, surrendered the remnants of his forces, following the three-month-long siege by the Red Army. For this act, Lasch was condemned to death, in absentia, by Hitler. At the time of the surrender, military and civilian dead in the city were estimated at 42,000, with the Red Army claiming over 90,000 prisoners. Laschs subterranean command bunker is preserved as a museum in todays Kaliningrad.</p><br>
<p>About 120,000 survivors remained in the ruins of the devastated city. These survivors, mainly women, children and the elderly, plus a few others who had returned immediately after the fighting ended, were held as slave labourers until 1949. The vast majority of the German civilians left in Königsberg after 1945 died from disease or deliberate starvation, or in revenge-driven ethnic cleansing. The remaining 20,000 German residents were expelled in 1949–50.</p><br>
<h3>Soviet/Russian Kaliningrad</h3><br>
<p>As agreed by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference, northern Prussia, including Königsberg, was annexed by the USSR, which attached it to the Russian SFSR. In 1946, the city&#39;s name was changed to Kaliningrad. Northern Prussia remained part of the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991, and since then has been an exclave of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The vast majority of the population belonged to the Evangelical Church of Prussia. A majority of its parishoners were Lutherans, although there were also Calvinists.</p><br>
<p>1400: 10,000</p><br>
<p>1663: 40,000</p><br>
<p>1819: 63,869</p><br>
<p>1840: 70,839</p><br>
<p>1855: 83,593</p><br>
<p>1871: 112,092</p><br>
<p>1880: 140,909</p><br>
<p>1890: 172,796</p><br>
<p>1900: 189,483 (including the military), among whom were 8,465 Roman Catholics and 3,975 Jews.</p><br>
<p>1905: 223,770, among whom were 10,320 Roman Catholics, 4,415 Jews and 425 Poles.</p><br>
<p>1910: 245,994</p><br>
<p>1919: 260,895</p><br>
<p>1925: 279,930, among whom were 13,330 Catholics, 4,050 Jews and approximately 6,000 others.</p><br>
<p>1933: 315,794</p><br>
<p>1939: 372,164</p><br>
<p>1945: 73,000</p><br>
<h3>Jews</h3><br>
<p>The Jewish community in the city had its origins in the 16th century, with the arrival of the first Jews in 1538. The first synagogue was built in 1756. A second, smaller synagogue which serviced Orthodox Jews was constructed later, eventually becoming the New Synagogue.</p><br>
<p>The Jewish population of Königsberg in the 18th century was fairly low, although this changed as restrictions became relaxed over the course of the 19th century. In 1756 there were 29 families of "protected Jews" in Königsberg, which increased to 57 by 1789. The total number of Jewish inhabitants was less than 500 in the middle of the 18th century, and around 800 by the end of it, out of a total population of almost 60,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The number of Jewish inhabitants peaked in 1880 at about 5,000, many of whom were migrants escaping pogroms in the Russian empire. This number declined subsequently so that by 1933, when the Nazis took over, the city had about 3,200 Jews. As a result of anti-semitism and persecution in the 1920s and 1930s two thirds of the city&#39;s Jews emigrated, mostly to the US and Great Britain. Those who remained were shipped by the Germans to concentration camps in two waves; first in 1938 to various camps in Germany, and the second in 1942 to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in occupied Czechoslovakia, Kaiserwald concentration camp in occupied Latvia, as well as camps in Minsk in occupied Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.</p><br>
<h3>Lithuanians</h3><br>
<p>University of Königsberg was an important center of Protestant Lithuanian culture and studies. Abraomas Kulvietis and Stanislovas Rapalionis are also seen as important early Lithuanian scholars. Daniel Klein published the first Lithuanian grammar book in Königsberg in 1653.</p><br>
<h3>Poles</h3><br>
<p>Poles were among the first professors of the University of Königsberg, which received the royal Law of Privilege from king Sigismund II Augustus of Poland on 28 March 1560. University of Königsberg lecturers included Hieronim Malecki (theology), Maciej Menius (astronomy) and Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (medicine). Jan Kochanowski and Stanislaw Sarnicki were among the first students known to be Polish, later Florian Ceynowa, Wojciech Kętrzynski and Julian Klaczko studied in Königsberg. For 24 years Celestyn Myślenta (who first registered at the University as "Polonus") was a seven time rector of the university, while Maciej Menius was a three times rector. From 1728 there was a "Polish Seminar" at the seminary of Protestant theology, which operated until the early 1930s and had developed a number of pastors, including Christoph Mrongovius and August Grzybowski. Duke Albert of Prussia established a press in Königsberg that issued thousands of Polish pamphlets and religious books. During the Reformation Königsberg became a place of refuge for Polish Protestant adherents, a training ground for Polish Protestant clergy and a source of Polish Protestant literature. In 1564 Jan Mączyński issued his Polish-Latin lexicon at Königsberg.</p><br>
<p>According to historian Janusz Jasiński, based on estimates obtained from the records of St. Nicholas&#39;s Church, during the 1530s Lutheran Poles constituted about one quarter of the city population. This does not include Polish Catholics or Calvinists who did not have centralized places of worship until the 17th century, hence records that far back for these two groups are not available.</p><br>
<p>From the 16th to 20th centuries, the city was a publishing center of Polish-language religious literature. In 1545 in Königsberg a Polish catechism was printed by Jan Seklucjan. In 1551 the first translation of the New Testament in Polish language came out, issued by Stanisław Murzynowski. Murzynowski&#39;s collections of sermons were delivered by Eustachy Trepka and in 1574 by Hieronim Malecki. The works of Mikolaj Rej were printed here by Seklucjan. Maciej Stryjkowski announced in Königsberg the publication of his Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmudzka, i wszystkiej Rusi ("A Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all Rus").</p><br>
<p>Although formally the relationship of these lands with Poland stopped at the end of the 17th century, in practice the Polish element in Königsberg played a significant role for the next century, until the outbreak of World War II. Before the second half of the 19th century many municipal institutions (e.g. courts, magistrates) employed Polish translators, and there was a course in the Polish language at the university. Polish books were issued as well as magazines with the last one being the Kalendarz Staropruski Ewangelicki (Old Prussian Evangelical Calendar) issued between 1866 and 1931.</p><br>
<p>During the Protestant Reformation the oldest church in Königsberg, St. Nicholas, was opened for non-Germans, especially Lithuanians and Poles. Services for Lithuanians started in 1523, and by the mid-16th century also included ones for Poles. By 1603 it had become a solely Polish-language church as Lithuanian service was moved to St. Elizabeth. In 1880 St. Nicholas was converted to a German-language church; weekly Polish services remained only for Masurians in the Prussian Army, although those were halted in 1901. The church was bombed in 1944, further destroyed in 1945, and the remaining ruins were dismantled after the war in 1950.</p><br>
<h2>Culture and society of Königsberg</h2><br>
<p>in Königsberg (Kaliningrad)</p><br>
<p>Königsberg was the birthplace of the mathematician Christian Goldbach and the writer E.T.A. Hoffmann, as well as the home of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, who lived there virtually all his life and rarely travelled more than ten miles (10 mi) away from the city. Kant entered the university of Königsberg at age 16 and was appointed to a chair in metaphysics there in 1770 at the age of 46. While working there he published his Critique of Pure Reason (arguing that knowledge arises from the application of innate concepts to sensory experience) and his Metaphysics of Morals which argues that virtue is acquired by the performance of duty for its own sake. In 1736, the mathematician Leonhard Euler used the arrangement of the city&#39;s bridges and islands as the basis for the Seven Bridges of Königsberg Problem, which led to the mathematical branches of topology and graph theory. In the 19th century Königsberg was the birthplace of the influential mathematician David Hilbert.</p><br>
<p>The dialect spoken by most citizens was Low Prussian, now a moribund language as its refugee speakers are elderly and dying out.</p><br>
<p>In the Königsstraße (King Street) stood the Academy of Art with a collection of over 400 paintings. About 50 works were by Italian masters; some early Dutch paintings were also to be found there. At the Königstor (King&#39;s Gate) stood statues of King Ottakar I of Bohemia, Albert of Prussia, and Frederick I of Prussia. Königsberg had a magnificent Exchange (completed in 1875) with fine views of the harbor from the staircase. Along Bahnhofsstraße ("Station Street") were the offices of the famous Royal Amber Works – Samland was celebrated as the "Amber Coast". There was also an observatory fitted up by the astronomer Friedrich Bessel, a botanical garden, and a zoological museum. The "Physikalisch", near the Heumarkt, contained botanical and anthropological collections and prehistoric antiquities. Two large theatres built during the Wilhelmine era were the Stadt (city) Theatre and the Appollo.</p><br>
<p>Königsberg Castle was one of the city&#39;s most notable structures. The former seat of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights and the Dukes of Prussia, it contained the Schloßkirche, or palace church, where Frederick I was crowned in 1701 and William I in 1861. It also contained the spacious Moscowiter-Saal, one of the largest halls in the German Reich, and a museum of Prussian history.</p><br>
<p>Königsberg became a centre of education when the Albertina University was founded by Duke Albert of Prussia in 1544. The university was opposite the north and east side of the Königsberg Cathedral. Lithuanian scholar Stanislovas Rapalionis, one of founding fathers of the university, was the first professor of theology.</p><br>
<p>As a consequence of the Protestant Reformation, the 1525 and subsequent Prussian church orders called for providing religious literature in the languages spoken by the recipients. Duke Albrecht thus called in a Danzig (Gdańsk) book printer, Hans Weinreich, who was soon joined by other book printers, to publish Lutheran literature not only in German and (New) Latin, but also in Latvian, Lithuanian, Old Prussian and Polish. The expected audience were inhabitants of the duchy, religious refugees, Lutherans in neighboring Ermland (Warmia), Lithuania, and Poland as well as Lutheran priests from Poland and Lithuania called in by the duke. Königsberg thus became a center of printing German- and other language books: In 1530, the first Polish translation of Luther&#39;s Small Catechism was published by Weinrich. In 1545, Weinreich published two Old Prussian editions of the catechism, which are the oldest printed and second-oldest books in that language after the handwritten 14th century "Elbing dictionary". The first Lithuanian-language book, Catechismvsa prasty szadei, makslas skaitima raschta yr giesmes by Martynas Mažvydas, was also printed in Königsberg, published by Weinreich in 1547. Further Polish- and Lithuanian-language religious and non-religious prints followed. One of the first newspapers in Polish language was published in Königsberg in the years 1718-1720 Poczta Królewiecka.</p><br>
<p>There was a Bismarck tower just outside Königsberg, on the Galtgarben, the highest point on the Sambian peninsula. It was built in 1906 and destroyed by German troops sometime in January 1945 as the Russians approached.</p><br>
<h3>Sports</h3><br>
<p>Sports clubs which played in Königsberg included VfB Königsberg and SV Prussia-Samland Königsberg. Lilli Henoch, the world record holder in the discus, shot put, and 4 × 100 meters relay events who was killed by the Nazis, was born in Königsberg, as was Eugen Sandow, dubbed the "father of modern bodybuilding". Segelclub RHE, Germany&#39;s oldest sailing club, was founded in Königsberg in 1855. The club still exists, and is now headquartered in Hamburg.</p><br>
<h3>Cuisine</h3><br>
<p>Königsberg was well-known within Germany for its unique regional cuisine. A popular dish from the city was Königsberger Klopse, which is still made today in some specialty restaurants in Kaliningrad and present-day Germany.</p><br>
<p>Other food and drink native to the city included:</p><br>
<p>Königsberger Marzipan</p><br>
<p>Kopskiekelwein, a wine made from blackcurrants or redcurrants</p><br>
<p>Bärenfang</p><br>
<p>Ochsenblut, literally "ox blood", a champagne-burgundy cocktail mixed at the popular Blutgericht pub, which no longer exists</p><br>
<h2>Fortifications</h2><br>
<p>The fortifications of Königsberg consist of numerous defensive walls, forts, bastions and other structures. They make up the First and the Second Defensive Belt, built in 1626–1634 and 1843–1859, respectively. The 15 metre-thick First Belt was erected due to Königsberg&#39;s vulnerability during the Polish–Swedish wars. The Second Belt was largely constructed on the place of the first one, which was in a bad condition. The new belt included twelve bastions, three ravelins, seven spoil banks and two fortresses, surrounded by water moat. Ten brick gates served as entrances and passages through defensive lines and were equipped with moveable bridges.</p><br>
<p>Watervliet Shaker Historic District, in Colonie, New York, is the site of the first Shaker community. It was established in 1776. The primary Shaker community, the Mount Lebanon Shaker Society, was started a bit later. Watervliet&#39;s historic 1848 Shaker meetinghouse has been restored and is used for public events, such as concerts.</p><br>
<p>The founder of the Shakers, Mother Ann Lee, is buried here.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and the listing was expanded later in the same year.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>The Shakers, who believed that spiritual ties were more significant than blood relationships, organized the community at Watervliet into four, large "families," each of which formed an independent, self-supporting unit with its own buildings, although all members worshiped in the same meetinghouse. They were known as the "Church," "North," "West," and "South" families. At its high point, the community had 350 members and 2,500 acre of land.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th-century, a custody battle involving a father who had gone to live at Watervleit with his minor child was widely publicized. The negative publicity caused the Shakers to establish a rule that married persons would not be accepted into Shaker communities unless both partners agreed to enter.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The original buildings were log cabins, however, the oldest surviving buildings date to 1820. Each "family" house had a basement, 3 living floors and an attic. Kitchens, including the large kitchens for baking and canning, were located in the basement. Each house had a wing for "sisters" and a wing for "brothers," with separate staircases; the wings were separated by large hall. Not only bedrooms, but sitting rooms were separate. Both sexes shared the dining and meeting rooms, but sat on opposite sides of the room. Typically, 2 to 6 Believers of the same sex shared a bed chamber. The buildings of the North family burned to the ground in 1920. Other buildings were lost to neglect. or torn down over the years. 22 buildings survive.</p><br>
<p>Collectively, the buildings at Watervliet are regarded as among the finest and best preserved surviving Shaker buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Meeting House</h3><br>
<p>The 1848 meetinghouse replaced a 1791 meetinghouse. It is a plain, wooden building decorated according to the Shaker rule that "Meetinghouses should be painted white without, and of a bluish shade within." It was the only white building in the community, since, according to Shaker rules, "no buildings may be painted white, save meeting houses." Three doors on the building&#39;s northern side provide separate entrances tor the brothers, the sisters and the members of the ministry, who used the center door. The meetinghouse was located in the center of the village and it served as the home of the ministers. The austere interior provided a large floor space for the dancing that was a central part of Shaker worship.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The Watervliet Shakers, like all Shaker communities, were almost self-sufficient, raising their own food and producing their own clothing and machinery. They purchased a limited range of goods from outsiders, principally iron, which they worked into hardware and tools in their own workshops.</p><br>
<p>Each village also produced market goods for outside sale. The Watervliet Shakers had a tannery, produced brooms for sale in volume, and had a small industry manufacturing brass, steel and silver writing pens, but they are most noted in business history as having been among the first producers of garden seeds as a commercial product in the United States and the first Shaker community to have produced and sold seeds. It has been claimed that a member of this community, Theodore Bates, invented the flat broom, older brooms having been fashioned as round bundles of broom corn straw or twigs.</p><br>
<h3>Seed business</h3><br>
<p>The Watervliet seed business is known to have been highly profitable at least as early as 1811.</p><br>
<p>The Edwin H. Armstrong House, in Yonkers in Westchester County, New York, is unusual for having achieved listing on the National Register of Historic Places and even designation as a National Historic Landmark, only to be demolished. Its subsequent removal from National Historic Landmark status is the only such occurrence for a New York State site.</p><br>
<p>It was the home of Edwin H. Armstrong, inventor of two circuits that are the basis of modern telecommunication systems, and also inventor of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) radio.</p><br>
<p>The home, a Queen Anne house, was located at 1032 Warburton Avenue in Yonkers.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 7, 1976. It was demolished in 1983 after suffering fire damage. It was subsequently de-designated as a National Historic Landmark and delisted from the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Ferguson River originates on the eastern bank of Ferguson Lake within the northern Hearne Domain, Western Churchill province of the Churchill craton, the northwest section of the Canadian Shield in Nunavut&#39;s Kivalliq Region.</p><br>
<p>The river was first traversed by Canadian Arctic explorer Joseph Burr Tyrrell&#39;s Geological Survey of Canada 1894 canoe expedition that included Robert Monro Ferguson, Scottish sportsman and aide-de-camp to Lord Aberdeen, Governor General of Canada. Ferguson became the namesake of the river and the lake.(Hodgins, 1994, pg. 109)</p><br>
<p>The river flows eastward through several lakes:</p><br>
<p>Qamanirjuaq Lake ("Kaminuriak")</p><br>
<p>Victory Lake</p><br>
<p>O&#39;Neil Lake</p><br>
<p>Kaminak Lake</p><br>
<p>Quartzite Lake</p><br>
<p>Snug Lake</p><br>
<p>Munro Lake</p><br>
<p>Helika Lake</p><br>
<p>Last Lake</p><br>
<p>Before reaching its outflow, the river passes though narrows, "The Canyon",</p><br>
<p>then empties into Nevill Bay opposite Bibby Island in northwestern Hudson Bay between Rankin Inlet and Whale Cove.</p><br>
<p>Ferguson River flows through the migratory path of Barren-ground caribou. Arctic charr can be found in the river, while muskox, wolves, and Arctic fox also inhabit the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river was first explored in 1894 by Joseph Burr Tyrrell and his party, who received guidance about the local lakes and rivers from area Inuit. Tyrell named the river after one of his travelling companions.</p><br>
<p>The Abbott Farm Historic District is a National Historic Landmark archeological site in New Jersey. It is the largest known Middle Woodland village of its type on the East Coast of the United States. Significant evidence suggests that the Delaware River floodplain was occupied by Paleoindian people for a long period. It was inhabited between 500 BC and 500 AD. It has been a source of controversy and debate around early development.</p><br>
<p>The district encompasses some 2,000 acre of marshlands and bluffs in southern Mercer County and northern Burlington County, in the communities of Hamilton Township, Bordentown, and Bordentown Township. The area, in addition to its archeological importance, includes historically important buildings and transportation-related structures. Included within its boundaries are John A. Roebling Park and the Isaac Watson House in Hamilton Township.</p><br>
<p>Sugarloaf Mountain is a mountain located in Greene County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Devil&#39;s Path range of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>To the northwest, Sugarloaf is separated from Plateau Mountain by Mink Hollow Notch; to the southeast, Sugarloaf is separated from Twin Mountain by Pecoy Notch.</p><br>
<p>Sugarloaf Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The northeastern slopes of Sugarloaf Mtn. drain into Schoharie Creek, thence into the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The northwestern slopes of Sugarloaf drain into Roaring Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek.</p><br>
<p>The southwestern and southeastern slopes of Sugarloaf drain into Beaver Kill, thence into Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>Sugarloaf Mountain is within New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Devil&#39;s Path hiking trail traverses the summit ridge of Sugarloaf.</p><br>
<p>The Long Path, a 350 mi long-distance hiking trail through southeastern New York, is contiguous with this stretch of the Devil&#39;s Path.</p><br>
<p>Jacks Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in central Pennsylvania, United States, trending southeast of the Stone Mountain ridge and Jacks Mountain Anticline. The ridge line separates Kishacoquillas Valley from the Ferguson and Dry Valleys. Jacks Mountain lies in Mifflin, Huntingdon, Snyder, and Union Counties, and the ridge line forms part of the border between Huntingdon and Mifflin Counties.</p><br>
<p>It is named for Jack Armstrong, an 18th-century fur trader. In the autumn of 1743, Armstrong confiscated the horse of Mushemeelin, a Delaware Indian from Shamokin who was in debt to Armstrong. Mushemeelin and two Delaware companions tracked Armstrong to the Juniata River narrows and, in 1744, killed the trader and his two servants. The site was thereafter known as "Jack&#39;s Narrows".</p><br>
<p>USA Route 22 (US 22), the William Penn Highway, and the former Pennsylvania Railroad Main Line, now the Norfolk Southern Railway&#39;s Pittsburgh Line, follow the Juniata River through the Jacks Narrows water gap between Mapleton and Mount Union. USA Route 322 and the former Milroy Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad pass through the Mann Narrows Water Gap along the Kishacoquillas Creek near Reedsville.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Just below the ridge crest lies the contact between the older Ordovician Juniata Formation on the northwest slope, and the younger more erosion resistant Silurian Tuscarora Formation geologic layer forming the steeper southeast slope and the crest. The Bald Eagle Formation crops out on the Kishacoquillas Valley-facing slopes of Jacks Mountain, forming a steep topographic bench below the Juniata Formation. Below the Bald Eagle Formation, the uppermost sandstone layer of the underlying Reedsville Formation contains brachiopods and other marine fossils. The Reedsville forms the less steep lower slope that becomes shallower toward the base of the ridge. Across the Kishacoquillas Valley, on the opposite side of the Jacks Mountain anticline, the same rock layers are repeated in reverse order on the Stone Mountain ridge.</p><br>
<p>White Bluff, also known as Ecor Blanc, is a historic site located along the Tombigbee River in Demopolis, Alabama. It is a chalk cliff, roughly one mile long, that is composed of a geological layer known as the Demopolis Chalk Formation, part of the Selma Group. The upper portions of the cliff stood almost 80 ft above the river before the construction of the Demopolis Lock and Dam downriver. It now averages about 30 ft above the river.</p><br>
<p>White Bluff was first named Ecor Blanc by 18th century French explorers and map makers. It also became known as the Chickasaw Gallery because early Native American inhabitants harnessed their boats at the foot of the cliff. It was the site where French Bonapartist refugees landed in 1817 and established their Vine and Olive Colony. White Bluff is the site for the main event of the annual Christmas on the River festival.</p><br>
<p>The Fairbanks Museum and Planetarium is a combination museum and planetarium located in St. Johnsbury, Vermont. It was founded in 1891, by Franklin Fairbanks. The museum and its building are on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>There is also a planetarium and weather forecasting department entitled Eye on the Sky weather station. Meteorologists broadcast their unique weather forecasts for Vermont (and the areas immediately around the state) on Vermont Public Radio and Magic 97.7 daily. The museum also produces daily weather forecasts for three newspapers: The Caledonian Record, the Times Argus, and the Rutland Herald.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the museum building began on July 4, 1890 when the cornerstone was laid and was finished in June 1891. Designed by Lambert Packard, the building features red sandstone and limestone laid in Richardsonian-Romanesque style. The museum was opened in December 1891 and was expanded in 1895 to hold Franklin Fairbanks&#39;s full collection</p><br>
<p>In part, the museums tradition of reporting the weather and atmospheric conditions comes from Fairbankss own practice of doing it. Much of the main collection in the museum comes from Fairbanks&#39;s own collection.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary collection</h2><br>
<p>The museum is organized into 3 different departments: Natural Science, Historical, and Ethnological. The entire collection includes 160,000 objects.</p><br>
<h2>Praise and recognition</h2><br>
<p>The museum was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. The listing included one contributing building and two contributing objects.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, Yankee magazine named Fairbanks as the second best history museum in New England.</p><br>
<p>The Foscue–Whitfield House, best known as the Foscue House, is a historic Federal style plantation house just outside the city limits of Demopolis, Alabama, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Foscue House was built in 1840 by Augustus Foscue as the family residence for his plantation. In 1855 Augustus&#39; daughter, Mary Alice Foscue, married Dr. Bryan Watkins Whitfield, son of the builder of Gaineswood. Augustus died in 1861 and the house was inherited by Mary and her husband. The house has remained in the Whitfield family to the present day and was recently restored by a descendant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is two and a half stories and built with handmade brick. It features a five-bay facade at the front elevation and a gabled roof. A new brick addition was built onto the front of the house in 1849, requiring the removal of a two-tiered, columned entrance portico. A smaller columned entrance portico was added at that time. The full-width front porch with a hipped roof was added in 1920 by Jesse Whitfield, grandson of the builder, replacing the portico from 1849.</p><br>
<p>Logan Peak, commonly referred to as Mount Logan, is a peak in the Bear River Mountains, a branch of the Wasatch Range. Located six miles east-southeast of Logan, Utah in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest, it is the second highest peak overlooking Cache Valley after Mt. Naomi. Logan Peak rises to an elevation of 9,714 ft. It is served by hiking trails and a narrow, unpaved access road suitable only for offroad vehicles. It is the only mountain in the Bear River Range with a road to the summit. The peak houses a weather station and a telecommunications tower. Logan Peak is a popular destination for hikers and mountain bikers during the warmer months and advanced cross-country skiers in winter. During the winter, a circular hollow on the east side of the peak, known locally as Crystal Valley, is popular with snowmobilers.</p><br>
<p>Ashe Cottage, also known as the Ely House, is a historic Carpenter Gothic house in Demopolis, Alabama. It was built in 1832 The house is one of only about twenty remaining residential examples of Gothic Revival architecture remaining in the state. Other historic Gothic Revival residences in the area include Waldwic in Gallion and Fairhope Plantation in Uniontown. Ashe Cottage was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on August 22, 1975 and to the National Register of Historic Places on 19 October 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Ashe House is given as one of four examples of the paired-gable subtype of Gothic Revival houses in A Field Guide to American Houses (1984). It is noted as having "very delicate lace-like porches and vergeboard details." Paired gables appear in about five percent of Gothic Revival houses in America.</p><br>
<p>The Museum of Newport History is a history museum in the Old Brick Market building in the heart of Newport, Rhode Island, United States. It is owned and operated by the Newport Historical Society at 127 Thames Street on Washington Square. The building, designed by noted 18th-century American architect Peter Harrison and built in the 1760s, is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Brick Market is a three story brick structure with a low hip roof. Its ground floor has round-arch openings, which were historically open but have mostly been glassed over. The upper level bays are separated by large pilasters with Ionic capitals, with a dentillated cornice below the roof. The second floor windows are rectangular sash, topped by alternating gable and segmented-arch pedimemnts. The third floor windows are square, with a simpler molded surround. The interior has been extensively altered over time, with little historic material surviving.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brick Market was designed by Peter Harrison, a major architect working in the British colonies during the 18th century. Harrison based the Georgian design on a part of the 17th century design of Somerset House by Inigo Jones, altering the building material from stone to brick, and replacing Jones&#39; Corinthian capitals with those of the Ionic order.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the building was authorized by the city in 1761 and begun in 1762, but the merchant proprietors ran out of money after finishing just the first level, and the city took the project over, roofing that level. The building was not completed until 1772. As a traditional British style market house (like Bostons Faneuil Hall), the buildings first level was an open-air arcade that served as a marketplace for various goods. Profits from the building went into a city fund for the establishment of a granary.</p><br>
<p>The upper levels of the hall have seen a variety of uses. In the later years of the 18th century it housed a printing operation, and was eventually converted into a theatre. In 1842 it began to be used as town hall, and the third floor was removed, replaced by galleries around the sides and rear. It served as Newport&#39;s city hall between 1853 and 1900. In the late 1920s the building was subjected to an extensive rehabilitation under the auspices of restorationist Norman Isham. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968. It is also a contributing element of the Newport Historic District, also a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The building is now owned by the Newport Historical Society. It houses a museum detailing Newport&#39;s history from pre-colonial times to the present. Exhibits include the lens of the Ida Lewis Rock Light.</p><br>
<p>Stone Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in central Pennsylvania, United States, trending northwest of the Jacks Mountain ridge and Jacks Mountain Anticline. The ridge line separates Kishacoquillas Valley from the Seven Mountains area. Stone Mountain lies in, and the ridge line forms part of the border between, Mifflin and Huntingdon counties.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania Route 305 crosses the ridge and follows a valley along a fault line at 40&deg;37&prime;46&Prime;N latitude, 77&deg;45&prime;31&Prime;W longitude near Greenwood Furnace State Park. Allensville Road also crosses the ridge crest north of Allensville, and Barrville Road passes through a wind gap west of Barrville. There are no water gaps carrying rivers through the ridge. The Saddler Creek passes the southern foot of the ridge near the town of Mill Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Just below the ridge crest lies the contact between the older Ordovician Juniata Formation on the southeast slope, and the younger more erosion resistant Silurian Tuscarora Formation geologic layer forming the steeper northwest slope and the crest. The Bald Eagle Formation crops out on the Kishacoquillas Valley-facing slopes of Stone Mountain, forming a steep topographic bench below the Juniata Formation. Below the Bald Eagle Formation, the uppermost sandstone layer of the underlying Reedsville Formation contain brachiopods and other marine fossils. Across the Kishacoquillas Valley, on the opposite side of the Jacks Mountain anticline, the same rock layers are repeated in reverse order on Jacks Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Trout Lake is a lake in municipalities of East Ferris and North Bay, Nipissing District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, approximately 6 km east of the much larger Lake Nipissing. Trout Lake is the source of the Mattawa River and a significant body of water on a well-known historic North American voyageur  route. It is about 11 km long and 4 km wide and exits eastward into the Mattawa River, which flows via the Ottawa River to the St. Lawrence River. Some of the most difficult portages are found on this part of the voyageur route between Trout Lake and the end of the Mattawa River, e.g., Portage de Mauvaise Musique, located at the Talon Chute .</p><br>
<h2>Water reservoir</h2><br>
<p>The City of North Bay (population approx 54,000) draws its drinking water from Trout Lake. While the urban core of North Bay is located primarily between Trout Lake and Lake Nipissing, the city limits contain the lakes entire northern shore. Much of the lakes southern shore is located within the township of East Ferris.</p><br>
<h2>Seaplane Base</h2><br>
<p>North Bay Water Aerodrome (CNH7) is a seaplane base located near the western end of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Campbell disappearance</h2><br>
<p>In October 2006, a long-time unsolved mystery of a couple who disappeared from their Trout Lake cabin in the spring of 1956 was solved. Margaret and Allen Campbell, along with their family dog, went missing on May 25, 1956 under mysterious conditions. It was believed that Mr. and Mrs. Campbell went out in their fibreglass boat from the shore, encountered trouble and presumably drowned, but search teams in 1956 were unable to find their bodies or their boat. This mystery also amplified the belief in the cryptozoological legend of the Trout Lake Monster. In 2006, the Ontario Provincial Police, on a lead from a recreational fisherman and using high-tech imaging equipment, discovered both bodies on the bottom of the lake, not far from the couples cabin. Their boat was also found nearby on the bottom of the lake. The Campbells surviving children were very relieved to have the mystery of their missing parents finally solved.</p><br>
<h2>Bays</h2><br>
<p>Delaney Bay</p><br>
<p>Dugas Bay</p><br>
<p>Four Mile Bay</p><br>
<p>Milnes Bay</p><br>
<p>One Mile Bay</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Camp Island</p><br>
<p>Cedar Island</p><br>
<p>Dave Island</p><br>
<p>Dellview Island</p><br>
<p>Dunn Island</p><br>
<p>Falconbridge Island</p><br>
<p>Fitzsimmons Island</p><br>
<p>Hemlock Island</p><br>
<p>Hughes Island</p><br>
<p>Joe Island</p><br>
<p>Little Joe Island</p><br>
<p>Louisville Island</p><br>
<p>Murdoch Island</p><br>
<p>Payne Island</p><br>
<p>Poplar Island</p><br>
<p>Rolph Island</p><br>
<p>Shaftesbury Island</p><br>
<p>Three Sisters Islands</p><br>
<p>Trout Island</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Doran Creek</p><br>
<p>Four Mile Creek</p><br>
<p>Hogan Creek</p><br>
<p>Lees Creek</p><br>
<p>The Folgers Coffee Company Building is a historic mid-rise office building located at 101 Howard Street in the Financial District, San Francisco.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The five-story plus basement, Renaissance Revival style building was originally built in 1904 as the headquarters of J. A. Folger & Company, and remained the main offices of the company until 1963 when Folgers Coffee was purchased by Procter & Gamble. As described by its NRHP designation, it is, “unusual and noteworthy in that the building survived both of the major San Francisco earthquakes in 1906 and 1989.” One reason for this is that it was, “constructed on wooden pilings that were driven into San Francisco Bay fill to a depth of about forty feet, with a steam driven pile driver.”</p><br>
<p>On August 2, 2011, The Folger Building was purchased by the University of San Francisco, marking a return to the university’s downtown roots. It has no LEED certification, as is typical of buildings from its time, and has 83,500 square feet of rentable office space.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Pietro and Maria Botto House, also known as Pietro Botto House, at 83 Norwood Street, Haledon in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States, is where leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World  union spoke to the 15,000 striking workers of the Paterson Silk Strike of 1913.</p><br>
<p>The original owners, Pietro Botto (1864-1945) and his wife Maria Boggio (1870-1915) were both immigrants from Biella, Italy. They married in 1885 and arrived in the United States in 1892 with their first daughter, Albina. The couple lived in West Hoboken (now Union City, New Jersey) for fifteen years and had there three more daughters, Adelia, Eva, and Olga. They saved their money until they could afford to build their own home in Haledon. In 1908 they finally moved into their new home, which was large enough to accommodate the entire family and included three additional rooms on the second floor that were rented for additional income.</p><br>
<p>Pietro Botto and the couples daughters worked as weavers in that towns Cedar Cliffs mills, while Maria did some "outwork", cleaning and snipping imperfections from finished bolts of silk. In weekdays, she also served meals to boarders and working men in her dining room. As it was situated on a country hillside near the trolley line, especially on Sundays and holidays the Botto House became a popular meeting place with its bocce court, the card tables and the cooking provided by Maria and her daughters.</p><br>
<p>During the Paterson Silk Strike of 1913, Paterson&#39;s mayor refused to allow the strikers to assembly in the city. Pietro and Maria Botto, at the urging of Big Bill Haywood, invited the strike organizers to hold rallies at their home in nearby Haledon, where the workers were not on strike, counting on the support of the local socialist major William Brueckman. The Botto House became the Sunday rallying point from March 3 to the end of the strike in June. During this time Maria kept the house in order and fed the activists who addressed the crowd either from the balcony or from in front of the house. In addition to Haywood, these speakers included Upton Sinclair, Carlo Tresca, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Adolph Lessig and Patrick L. Quinlan. Despite not being part of the strike himself, Pietro could not find work after the strike, nor could his daughter Eva, who was blacklisted. Maria got sick and died only two years after the silk strike.</p><br>
<p>Because it served as a haven for free speech and assembly for the laborers, the Botto House was placed on both the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982, the first Italian American site to be placed on the nation&#39;s most distinguished roster of historic sites.</p><br>
<h2>American Labor Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1983 the Pietro and Maria Botto House opened to the public as the American Labor Museum, a non-profit 501(c) educational institution that commemorates the events of 1913 and more in general, is dedicated to "teaching the public about the history and contemporary issues of workers, the workplace, and organized labor with special attention to the ethnicity of working people." The museum features changing exhibits, restored period rooms and Old World Gardens that reflect the lifestyle of an immigrant family of the early 1900s, and a free lending library. It also offers lectures, poetry readings, teachers&#39; workshops, and other educational programs.</p><br>
<p>Plateau Mountain is a mountain located in Greene County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Devil&#39;s Path range of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Plateau has a two-mile-long summit ridge above 3,500 ft.</p><br>
<p>The highest point is at the southeast end, facing Sugarloaf Mountain to the east across Mink Hollow Notch.</p><br>
<p>The northwest end faces Hunter Mountain to the west across 1,400-ft-deep Stony Clove Notch.</p><br>
<p>Plateau Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>It feeds the Hudson by way of Esopus Creek through Stony Clove Creek from its western slopes, and through Beaver Kill from its southeast end.</p><br>
<p>Its southwest slopes drain into Warner Creek, thence into Stony Clove Creek.</p><br>
<p>The northeastern slopes of Plateau drain into Schoharie Creek, thence into the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>Plateau Mountain is within New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Devil&#39;s Path hiking trail traverses the summit ridge of Plateau.</p><br>
<p>The Long Path, a 350 mi long-distance hiking trail through southeastern New York, is contiguous with this stretch of the Devil&#39;s Path.</p><br>
<p>Mons Claudianus was a Roman quarry in the eastern desert of Egypt. It consisted of a garrison, a quarrying site, and civilian and workers&#39; quarters. Granodiorite was mined for the Roman Empire where it was used as a building material. Mons Claudianus is located in the mountains of the Egyptian Eastern desert about midway between the Red Sea and Qena, in the present day Red Sea Governorate.</p><br>
<p>Today tourists can see fragments of granite, with several artifacts such as a broken column. A number of texts written on broken pottery (ostraca) have been discovered at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and location</h2><br>
<p>Mons Claudianus lies in the Eastern desert of upper Egypt, and was discovered in 1823 by Wilkinson and Burton. It lies north of Luxor, between the Egyptian town of Qena on the Nile and Hurghada on the Red Sea, 500 km south of Cairo and 120 km east of the Nile, at an altitude of c.700m in the heart of the Red Sea mountains. About 50 km away is another imperial stone quarry known as Mons Porphyrites,which is the world&#39;s only known source of purple porphyry.</p><br>
<h2>Time line</h2><br>
<p>The excavation of Mons Claudianus by the Romans occurred through two centuries, from the 1st century AD to the mid-3rd century AD. There is no evidence of settlements near or at the quarry prior to the Roman settlement.The arid conditions of the desert allowed the documents and organic remains to survive.</p><br>
<h2>Harvesting and use of resources</h2><br>
<p>Mons Claudianus was an abundant source of Granodiorite for Rome, and was used in notable Roman structures including the emperor Hadrians villa at Tivoli, public baths, the floors and columns of the temple of Venus, Diocletians Palace at Split and the columns of the portico of the Pantheon in Rome were quarried at Mons Claudianus. Each was 39 ft tall, five feet (1.5 m) in diameter, and 60 tons in weight.</p><br>
<h2>Access routes and Transport</h2><br>
<p>Mons Claudianus was linked to the river Nile by a traceable surviving Roman road marked by way-stations spaced out at one day intervals. The stones from the quarries, which were shaped in the desert, were then taken along the road to the Nile Valley for trans-shipment to Rome. Documents that were found on site referred to 12-wheeled and 4-wheeled carts, and include a request for delivery of new axles. The journey would last approximately five days or longer. The way-stations, which resembled small defended forts, with many rooms accompanied by stabling and a water-supply, served as motels where the men and animals moving the stones could rest, eat and drink. Donkeys may have been used to transport food and water needed by men between way-stations as well as to pull the wagons; however, for larger loads it seems that both human and animal labour was used. Camels were used for communication and for the transport of food and water.</p><br>
<p>The columns may have also been dragged more than 100 km from the quarry to the river on wooden sledges, though the terrain from quarry to the Nile is such that the route was downhill the entire length. They were floated by barge down the Nile River when the water level was high during the spring floods, and then transferred to vessels to cross the Mediterranean Sea to the Roman port of Ostia. There, they were transferred back onto barges and pulled up the Tiber River to Rome.</p><br>
<h2>Life in Mons Claudianus</h2><br>
<p>The quarry was administered by the Roman army. The quarry men of Mons Claudianus were a skilled and well-paid civilian workforce, and their lifestyle at the quarry could even be described as luxurious. The Ostraca refer to four groups of people: soldiers and officials; skilled, civilian workers; unskilled workers; and women and children. According to the Ostraca ( earthen pots with inscriptions on them) many of the workers at Mons Claudianus earned around 47 drachmas a month -which was about twice as much as their counterparts in the Nile Valley as well as one artab which was approximately 47 pints of wheat. Evidence has been found of 55 different food plants and 20 sources of animal proteins. Fish from the red sea, luxuries like artichoke and citron as well as pepper from India and Game animals, snails and oysters were some of the foods available. Findings of seeds of cabbage, leaf beet, lettuce, mint, basil and a few others, which would not have been present if the vegetables were delivered to eat, suggest that, food was both delivered and grown at Mons Claudianus, to maintain the health of the workers with proper iron and vitamin C intake. Germinated, carbonised barley grains have also been found, suggesting that the inhabitants brewed beer. Imported chaff, straw, barley grain, charcoal and midden material were used for animal fodder, as temper for the making of wall plaster and mud-brick, and for fuel for the ovens and fires. At the Quarries, several columns, some basins and a bath can still be found lying broken; the largest column is 60 ft high and weighs some 200 tonnes. Many buildings still survive intact to roof height. The settlement resembled a fort with walls and projecting towers, and housed an estimated 1000 people, both quarrymen and guards. The stones from the quarries were shaped in the desert, possibly to reduce their weight, then taken to the Nile Valley to be shipped to Rome.</p><br>
<p>The Peterstown House is a historic building located at 275 N. Main St. in Waterloo, Illinois. The saltbox building was constructed in the mid-1830s; an addition was placed on its north side around the 1860s. Emory Peter Rogers, for whom the house and surrounding neighborhood were named, was the first owner of the building. The building served as an inn and stagecoach stop along the Kaskaskia-Cahokia Trail, which was the first road in Illinois. The stagecoach route connected the French settlements at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. The Peterstown House is the only intact inn which still stands along the trail; while another building in Waterloo once served as an inn on the trail, it has been extensively remodeled. In the late nineteenth century, the Peterstown House became a local social hall.</p><br>
<p>The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 16, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Foglia is the northernmost river of the Marche region of Italy. In ancient times it was known as Pisaurus, as it debouched into the Adriatic Sea at Pisaurum . It was also known as the Isaurus. The source of the river is west of Sestino in the province of Arezzo  in the Appennino Umbro-Marchigiano mountains. It flows east through an extension of the province of Pesaro e Urbino and then back into Arezzo before forming the border between Arezzo and Pesaro e Urbino. The river then flows into the province of Pesaro e Urbino past Piandimeleto and curves northeast and flows past Sassocorvaro before curving east again. The river meanders south of Montecalvo in Foglia before curving northeast and flowing near Colbordolo, Saludecio, Sant&#39;Angelo in Lizzola, Montecchio, Montelabbate and Tavullia before entering the Adriatic Sea near Pesaro.</p><br>
<p>Simone Cantarini painted</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river was the part of the Gothic Line and the WWII battle of Rimini.</p><br>
<p>The Waterloo Historic District is a historic district composed of the majority of central Waterloo, Illinois. The district includes 271 buildings, of which 182 are contributing buildings to its historic character. The center of the district includes Waterloos town square, the site of the Monroe County Courthouse, as well as a two-block section of Main Street which forms the citys commercial core. The town square is surrounded by residential development on three sides, an unusual arrangement among small towns in Illinois. The predominant architectural styles in the residential parts of the district are local adaptations of the Federal style and a German cottage style developed by the city&#39;s German immigrants in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 1, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Wiesensee is an artificial lake, dammed up in 1971, in the Westerwald low mountain range. The lake covers about 80 hectares and lies in the area of Stahlhofen am Wiesensees various centres on the lakes west shore, and Pottum on the north shore in the Westerwaldkreis. The community of Winnen borders on the lake to the southeast. The lake is a nature conservation area, and only parts of the water surface are open for recreational use.</p><br>
<p>It is a holiday and tourist destination. Several hotels, a luxury hotel and golf course lie near the shore. Many leisure facilities in the winter and summer make the Wiesensee attractive for athletes, young families and youth. Around the lake runs a roughly 6.5-km-long hiking path loop.</p><br>
<h2>Regular Events</h2><br>
<p>Once every year, usually in the third week of October, the lake is fished clean, and completely drained. On this occasion the fishing festival is traditionally held.</p><br>
<p>Every three years, the Vereinsring Pottum ("club ring") stages a Sommernachtfest ("Summer Night Festival") at the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, the Czech national football team stayed at Wiesensee during the world championship.</p><br>
<p>The Kerr Community Center, originally called Kerr Hall, is a community center located in Bastrop, Texas, United States. The hall was a gathering spot for the African-American community of Bastrop during the time of racial segregation in the United States. The structure was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Kerr Community Center is a two-story wood frame structure built in 1914 by Beverly and Lula Kerr on a lot directly behind their own home. The center hosted social events and artistic performances by black artists such as master blues pianist Roosevelt Williams, known to his fans as "Grey Ghost." During World War II, the structure served as a USO post for the black soldiers assigned to Camp Swift.</p><br>
<p>Beverly Kerr died in 1941 and Lula Kerr died in 1944. In 1946, some local citizens formed the Kerr Center Association and purchased the building from the Kerr estate. The center had an official dedication in 1952. The building received major renovations that were completed in 2007 including a small park and playground.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Messiah, located at 114 North 3rd Street in Pulaski, Tennessee, in the United States, is an historic Episcopal church that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1887 and designed by architect George W. Quintard, the brother of Charles Quintard, the Episcopal Bishop of Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Messiah was established in 1834.</p><br>
<p>Its current building was consecrated on December 11, 1887, by Bishop Charles Quintard. Earlier in the year, the setting of the building&#39;s cornerstone had been attended by more than 3,000 people, including four Episcopal bishops and a former governor of Tennessee, John Calvin Brown. Money for construction of the church building was donated by Brown and his wife in memory of their daughter, Daisy Brown.</p><br>
<p>The church building was added to the National Register on July 28, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Messiah is an actively functioning parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee. The current rector is The Rev. Carolyn Keck.</p><br>
<p>Aspen Mountain is a long mountain located approximately 12 mi south of Rock Springs, Wyoming and 5.5 mi south of Arrowhead Springs, in Sweetwater County. The mountain gets its name from patches of Quaking Aspen trees located on the north and southern faces of the mountain. Various older topographical maps name the mountain "Quaking Aspen Mountain". Its primary use is for radio communications and it houses towers for various local and state companies.</p><br>
<h2>Other uses</h2><br>
<p>Aspen Mountain also houses repeaters used by local highway patrol and local police and fire services for Sweetwater County, which are also present on nearby Wilkins Peak. If the local emergency repeaters on Aspen Mountain fail, they are automatically switched to the Wilkins Peak repeaters, and vice versa. The mountain also houses amateur radio repeaters, and a long range radar station (operated by the FAA) is the mountain&#39;s most visible feature.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Aspen Mountain lies to the north of the Uinta Mountains in the center of the Greater Green River Basin. It is part of the Rock Springs Uplift, and is composed of Miocene deposits.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Aspen Mountain can be accessed via a number of routes. From Rock Springs, access starts from Blairtown/Flaming Gorge Road, and begins on a road known as Little Bitter Creek Road. Aspen Mountain can also be accessed via county highway 4-27, which begins on Wyoming Highway 430. From the south, the mountain can be accessed via US 191. The roads are usually in good condition year round, weather permitting. Travel is still possible during winter months, but a four-wheel drive vehicle is recommended. The road on the mountain itself is known as "Radar Tower Road."</p><br>
<p>Most of the mountain is not off limits, except for various radio towers with fences and the long range radar station, which features no trespassing signs and a fence around its perimeter. The radar site is also manned 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, with up to two employees watching the site at a time. In the winter, their only means of travel is often via Snowcats.</p><br>
<h2>Radio and television stations</h2><br>
<p>KZUW 88.5 FM - Licensed to Reliance.</p><br>
<p>KUWZ 90.5 FM - Licensed to Rock Springs.</p><br>
<p>KQSW 96.5 FM - Licensed to Rock Springs.</p><br>
<p>KSIT 99.7 FM - Also licensed to Rock Springs (Both FM stations are located on the eastern half of the mountain, near the radar site).</p><br>
<p>KMRZ-FM 106.7 FM - Licensed to Superior, Wyoming, is the only FM station with a tower on the western half of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>KGWR Channel 13 -CBS- Rock Springs (Far eastern side of the mountain, second tower from east).</p><br>
<p>K26DK Channel 25 -KJZZ- Rock Springs</p><br>
<p>K45IA Channel 45 -The CW- Rock Springs</p><br>
<p>KXI34 162.550 MHz- NOAA Weather Radio - Operated by the Riverton National Weather Service office.</p><br>
<p>K26DK and K45IA were shut down after the digital transition.</p><br>
<p>The Taennchel is one of the summits of the Vosges Mountains, rising to 988 m. The Taennchel rises at the East of France, in the département of Haut-Rhin , halfway between Strasbourg to the North and Mulhouse to the South, around 60 km from both cities.</p><br>
<p>The general area around the crest, which is 6 km long, is enigmatic. The ground is strewn with rocks and various inscriptions, many of them undeciphered and remaining mysterious. Another curiosity is the "pagan wall" which covers its sides and whose origin is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The summit shelters numerous vegetable and animal species, including the lynx, which was reintroduced to the area during the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The peak of the mountain, situated opposite to the Haut-Koenigsbourg, in the massif des Vosges, separates the valley of Ribeauvillé from the val de Lièpvre on a surface of about 800 hectares. On the north-east of the Taennchel hides the village of Thannenkirch, and south from the mountain can be reached the old glass arts of the Ribeaupierre which overhang the rocky blocks of the Mittelberg (about 600 metres), the Venuskopf and the Schelmenkopf (905 m). The Taennchel is one of the summits which, from west to east, make up the continental divide between the basin of the Liepvrette up north and the one of the Strengbach down south. It&#39;s a huge mountain, its sides are widely open and strongly backed up on the side of the valley of the Liepvrette, while on the opposite side towards Ribeauvillé, it hollows out vertically in a grandiose cirque around the small twin valleys of the Big and Little Glass Art. The Taennchel has the shape of a crescent extending on almost 4 kilometers from the rock of the Rammelstein which is 988 meters high to the mountain which overhangs the low Taennchel from where can be seen the three ruined castles belonging to the sires of Ribeaupierre: Haut-Ribeaupierre, Saint-Ulrich and Girsberg.</p><br>
<p>North-West can be reached the forest area of the Hury (named in old documents Jefurthe) which belong to Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines. The forests of the Hury, Hinterwald and Kaelblin were part of the goods of the priory of Lièpvre until the high Middle Age as shown by the Charlemagne charter signed in 774. Then the Hinterwald and the Kaelblin were taken up by the Alsatian neighbours following the change of those villages landlords, hence frequent frictions between the monks of Saint-Denis abbey and the Alsatian towns. Those disputes poisoned relations between Alsace and Saint-Denis abbey and also the Duchy of Lorraine until 1718.</p><br>
<p>Aside the North-East point rises the Rock of Crows which dominates an abrupt side and lets appear rocks with strange and impressive bends. A bit farther stands the Rock-shelter with the shape of a cave. The Pointed Rock (or Sharp Rock) looks like a seated boar. Bad weather, winds and storms gnawed at its outward side, letting visible quartzite stones of several colours. Not far from this place stand cracked rocks, made of huge units and a bit farther can be seen the beginning of the pagan wall.</p><br>
<p>According to tradition this place was dedicated to hunting, and the Lords of Ribeaupierre shut away and fed there stags and does. However this place was not intended for such a use, for the reason that its wall isn&#39;t closed and could never have been built for that use.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrology</h3><br>
<p>There are three sources south of the massif that supply with water the Ilbach and the Beam of the Petite Verrerie and an eastern source from which waters all flow into the Strengbach upstream from Ribeauvillé.</p><br>
<p>At North, the number of harnessed sources is the most important and they supply with water the Liepvrette.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Taennchel stands on a basis of gneiss from Precambrian, its base is made of granite from the upper Carboniferous (about 300 million years) and is covered with a strong sheet of sandstone from the Triassic (about 200 million years) which wraps in horizontal layers the summits and the sides of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Some say that the "Thannen" fir would have given its name to the massif of Taennchel; other say it would come from Tan or Taen which means oak bark.</p><br>
<p>According to Robert Forrer, a famous archaeologist who studied the Mont Sainte-Odile between 1898 and 1899 and published several books or articles devoted to medieval time, "Taennchel" would come from the Gallic word dunon or dunom which meansfortified wall.</p><br>
<p>The name "Taennchel" was first quoted in an archive document from 1357. Its name appears then under various spellings: Taennchel in 1441, Thennichel in 1473, Dannchel in 1538, Tenchel in 1416, Thaennchel, Tannchel, Dannichel, Taennchel, Tännel in 1871 and Taennchel starting to 1918.</p><br>
<h2>The famous rocks</h2><br>
<p>The John Johnson farm is a historic home and listing on the National Register of Historic Places in Hiram Township, just west of the village of Hiram, Ohio, United States. The home, built in 1828, is a significant location in the history of the Latter Day Saint movement as the home of Joseph Smith and his family from September 1831 to March 1832. While Smith lived at the home, it served as the headquarters of the Church of Christ and was the site of several revelations to Smith and other church leaders. The Johnson Farm is also significant as the site of the tarring and feathering of Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon in March 1832.</p><br>
<p>The Smiths returned to Kirtland in 1832 and the Johnsons moved to Kirtland the following year. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) purchased the property in 1956 and began using it as a historical site. From 1971 to 2002, the adjoining farm was used to grow and process apples and strawberries as part of the LDS Church welfare program. The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and restored to its original appearance in 2001. It continues to operate as a tourist attraction, staffed by volunteer missionaries.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>John and Mary Elsa Johnson came to Hiram with their 10 children in 1818 and bought 100 acre on both sides of modern-day Pioneer Trail. Initially, they lived in a log cabin on the south side of the road before building the colonial style house in 1828. The family used the farm to grow apples and corn, along with raising dairy cattle they used to make cheese, which was sold throughout the region and as far away as New York. The Johnsons sold the home and property to the Stevens family in 1833 when they moved to Kirtland and it was passed through four generations before being purchased by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1956. The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and restored to its original 1828 appearance between 1996 and 2001, and was rededicated by LDS President Gordon B. Hinckley in late 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Doctrinal developments</h2><br>
<p>Several revelations were received by Smith and other church leaders while at the Johnson Farm. Sixteen of the sections of the Doctrine and Covenants were received. Among these revelations were section 1 (the introduction) and section 76 (the vision of the degrees of glory). As part of section 76, Smith and Sidney Rigdon stated, "And now, after the many testimonies which have been given of, this is the testimony, last of all, which we give of him: That he lives! For we saw him, even on the right hand of God; and we heard the voice bearing record that he is the Only Begotten of the Father". Smith also completed part of his revision of the Bible at the Johnson home.</p><br>
<h2>Tarring and feathering of Joseph Smith</h2><br>
<p>On the night of March 24, 1832, Smith and his wife Emma were caring for their adopted twins, both of whom were sick with the measles. While Joseph was sleeping on the trundle bed on the first floor of the Johnson home, a mob of about 25 attacked him and dragged him out the front door. Smith struggled with the mob but was overcome. The mob choked him, tried to put acid in his mouth, and tarred and feathered him. When Smith got back to the house, Emma thought that the tar was blood and she fainted. Smith&#39;s friends spent the rest of the night cleaning the tar off of his body. The next day, Smith preached a sermon to a crowd which included some of the mobbers and baptized three people. One of the twin babies, the eleven-month-old boy named Joseph Murdock Smith, died four days later.</p><br>
<p>A late second-hand witness, Clark Braden, alleged that Eli Johnson—whom Braden claimed was a son of John Johnson—led the attack and that its intent was to punish Smith for an supposed improper relationship with his sister Marinda. Two other antagonistic witnesses, Hayden and S. F. Whitney, claimed that the motive was economic. However, Eli was, in fact, a brother to John Johnson (and an uncle to Marinda) and was living with the family at the time. The mob enlisted the services of a physician to castrate Smith. However, in the end, the physician refused to administer the procedure.</p><br>
<p>Cape Disappointment is a headland located at the extreme southwestern corner of Washington State on the north side of the Columbia River bar, at . The point of the cape is located on the Pacific Ocean in Pacific County, approximately two miles  southwest of the town of Ilwaco. Cape Disappointment receives about 2552 hours of fog a year &ndash; the equivalent of 106 days &ndash; making it one of the foggiest places in the US.</p><br>
<p>The cape was named on April 12, 1788 by British fur trader John Meares who was sailing south from Nootka in search of trade. After a storm, he turned his ship around just north of the Cape and therefore just missed the discovery of the Columbia River. George Vancouver credits John Meares in his account when he saw Cape Disappointment on April 27, 1792.</p><br>
<p>Cape Disappointment State Park is located on the cape, as is the Cape Disappointment Lighthouse. United States Coast Guard Station Cape Disappointment is situated on the river near the state park. The station crewmembers respond to 300–400 calls for assistance every year.</p><br>
<p>The, Glass House Mountains are a group of thirteen hills that rise abruptly from the coastal plain on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. The highest hill is Mount Beerwah at 556 meters above sea level, but the most identifiable of all the hills is Mount Tibrogargan which from some directions appears to be a face staring out to sea. Mt Ngungun consists of sub-volcanic rock, also known as a hypabyssal rock, an intrusive rock emplaced at medium-to-shallow depths within the crust and has intermediate grain size, and often porphyritic texture between that of volcanic and plutonic rocks. Mount Ngungun and the Glass House Mountains are located near Beerburrum State Forest and Old Gympie Road. From Brisbane, follow the Bruce Highway north, take the Glass House Mountains tourist drive turn-off and follow the signs to the Glass House Mountains. The trip is about one hour and eleven minutes from Brisbane. The Volcanic peaks of the Glass House Mountains rise dramatically from the surrounding Sunshine Coast landscape. They were formed by intrusive plugs, remnants of volcanic activity that occurred 26-27 million years ago. Molten rock filled small vents or intruded as bodies beneath the surface and solidified into land rocks. Millions of years of erosion have removed the surrounding exteriors of volcanic cores and softer sandstone rock.</p><br>
<p>Whilst the traditional names for the hills themselves are very old, the term Glasshouse Mountains was given more recently by explorer Captain James Cook on 17 May 1770. The peaks reminded him of the glass furnaces in his home county of Yorkshire. Matthew Flinders explored the area and climbed Mount Beerburrum after sailing along Pumicestone Passage in 1799. The Glass House Mountains National Landscape was added to the Australian National Heritage List on 3 August 2006. In the land between the peaks, pineapple and poultry farming, as well as commercial forestry and quarrying are the main land uses.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Glass House Mountains was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "Natural attraction".</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The range was formed as molten lava cooled to form hard rock in the cores of volcanoes 26-27 million years ago The surrounding softer rocks have been eroded in the subsequent time, forming the spectacular volcanic plugs that remain today. The peaks&#39; location relative to each other exhibits an alignment that is believed to have occurred due to fracturing.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Each of the peaks is protected within the Glass House Mountains National Park. Some of the peaks display vertical columns, particularly Mount Coonowrin, Mount Ngungun and Mount Beerwah at the Organ Pipes. These columns are the result of lava contraction. Scattered throughout the hills are shallow caves which have been formed by wind erosion on rocks that were softened by groundwater. The peaks are culturally significant to the traditional owners, the Gubbi Gubbi people. Under a native title claim, access to the peaks could be restricted as they are considered spiritual places. To the south east of the Glass House Mountains township is an Aboriginal bora ring. The names of each mountain in the range are:</p><br>
<p>Mount Beerburrum, 278 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Beerwah, 556 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Coochin, 235 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Coonowrin or Crookneck or Fakebig, 377 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Elimbah or The Saddleback, 129 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Ngungun, 253 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Tibberoowuccum, 220 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Tibrogargan, 364 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Tunbubudla or the Twins, 312 and 293 m</p><br>
<p>Wild Horse Mountain or Round Mountain, 123 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Miketeebumulgrai: 199m</p><br>
<h2>Aboriginal legend</h2><br>
<p>The Glass House Mountains are located in the traditional lands of the Jinibara and Gubbi Gubbi people. The mountains are members of a family with the father being Mount Tibrogargan and the mother Mount Beerwah. All of the other mountains are sons and daughters with the eldest being Mount Coonowrin.</p><br>
<p>Tibrogargan, the father, observes that the sea is rising and asks that Coonowrin the eldest son help their pregnant mother to safety. Terrified, Coonowrin instead flees. Infuriated by his sons cowardliness, Tibrogargan pursues him and strikes him with his nulla nulla so hard that he dislocates Coonowrins neck.</p><br>
<p>Once the danger passes Coonowrin feels tremendous guilt for his actions and asks his father, brothers and sisters for forgiveness but they all weep with shame. This is said to explain the many small streams that flow through the area. Tibrogargan turns his back on Coonowrin and gazes out to sea refusing to look at his son Coonowrin who continues to hang his head in shame and weeps.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>The mountains are managed by Queensland National Parks and are promoted as a tourist asset. Historically bushwalking and climbing has been undertaken for more than a century. However the two largest mountains have been closed by National Parks in recent years. Firstly, Coonowrin was closed in 1999 as a result of a geological report and the development of an adjacent rock quarry. Secondly, the walking track used to access Mt Beerwah was closed in 2009 as the result of a rock collapse from the caves area across the main tourist track and was reopened January 2016. Tibrogargan and Ngungun are open to the public for bushwalking and climbing.</p><br>
<h3>Flora and Fauna</h3><br>
<p>There are many different types of plants including trees, grass and bushes. Animals that live there include birds, reptiles, frogs, bats, rats, cats and mammals. The Elf Skink, a small lizard, also populates the area.</p><br>
<p>Mount Gozaisho is a Japanese mountain located on the border of Komono, Mie Prefecture and Higashi-Ōmi, Shiga Prefecture.</p><br>
<p>This mountain is the center of Suzuka Quasi-National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Outline</h2><br>
<p>Mount Gozaisho is one of the highest mountains in the Suzuka Mountain Range between Mie and Shiga. The Gozaisho Ropeway connects the top of the mountain to the Yunoyama Hot Springs. Gozaisho is a gate to the other mountains in the Suzuka range.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>Mount Gozaisho is famous for the sharp outlook of the mountains and rich nature.</p><br>
<h2>Resort</h2><br>
<p>On the top of the mountain, there&#39;s a small skiing resort which is the closest such resort to the Nagoya metropolitan area.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Yunoyama-Onsen Station, terminus of the Kintetsu Yunoyama Line.</p><br>
<p>Takehira Pass by car.</p><br>
<p>North Dome is a mountain located in Greene County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Catskill Mountains. North Dome is flanked to the east by West Kill Mountain, and to the west faces Mount Sherrill.</p><br>
<p>North Dome stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The northern slopes of North Dome drain into the West Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek, the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The southern slopes of North Dome drain into Esopus Creek, and thence into the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>North Dome is contained within the Westkill Mountain Wilderness Area of New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>There is no hiking trail over the mountain, though an extension of the Devil&#39;s Path west from West Kill Mtn. has been contemplated. The ascent is made by bushwack, most often from Spruceton Road. The only way to the top of the North Dome is through private land, a nearby summer camp.</p><br>
<p>The George Washington Cable House is a historic house at 1313 8th Street, in the Garden District of New Orleans, Louisiana. Built in 1874, it was the home of George Washington Cable , an American writer who described Creole life, during the period in which he rose to national prominence.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cable House is located on the Garden District&#39;s west side, on the east side of Eighth Street between Chestnut and Coliseum Streets. It is almost entirely obscured from view by a tall hedge. It is functionally a two story house, although it was built by Cable as a single-story structure with a full-height basement. Columns in front of the facade provide an arcade on the basement level, and support the porch of the main level. Bracketed posts support the roof above the porch. The house was built by Cable in 1874, shortly after the publication of "Sieur George", the short story that brought him national attention.</p><br>
<p>The house was Cables home until 1884, a time period which saw the publication of The Grandissimes: A Story of Creole Life, an ambitious historical romance, and a number of other important works. Mark Twain is said to have been one of Cables guests here. Cable moved to New England in 1884, but is writing style and content continued to be influenced by his native New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sherrill is a mountain located in Greene County, New York and is named after Eliakim Sherrill, and is part of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sherrill is flanked to the east by North Dome, and to the west by Balsam Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sherrill stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The northern slopes of Mt. Sherrill drain via Bennett Brook and Newton Brook into the West Kill, then into Schoharie Creek, the Mohawk River, and, finally, the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The west side of Mt. Sherrill drains into Bushnellsville Creek, thence into Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River. The southeast side of Mt. Sherrill drains through Peck Hollow into Esopus Creek.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sherrill is contained within the Westkill Mountain Wilderness Area of New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>There is no hiking trail over the mountain, although an extension of the Devil&#39;s Path west from West Kill Mtn. has been contemplated.</p><br>
<p>The Kate Chopin House, also known as the Bayou Folk Museum or Alexic Cloutier House, was a house in Cloutierville, Louisiana. It was the home of Kate Chopin, author of The Awakening, after her marriage.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The house was located on Main Street (Louisiana Highway 1) in Cloutierville, in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. The home was built by the town&#39;s founder, Alexis Cloutier and was constructed in a combination of handmade brick, hand-hewn cypress boards, and bousillage. Its construction, done through the use of slave labor, dated to between 1806 and 1813.</p><br>
<p>Kate Chopin moved here with her husband Oscar and their five children in 1879. Her sixth child, a daughter named Lélia, was born here shortly after the family&#39;s arrival. Oscar set up a general store and ran the business end of the family plantation. Shortly after their arrival in Cloutierville, he inherited a quarter of the family property.</p><br>
<p>Chopin would later describe the neighborhood in her 1891 short story "For Marse Chouchoute" as "two long rows of very old frame houses, facing each other closely across a dusty roadway". Neighbors, mostly of French-Creole descent, did not approve of Chopin&#39;s fashion and tendency to smoke cigarettes, play cards, and go for walks alone. Local gossip also suggested that Chopin lifted her skirt higher than necessary when walking, showing her ankles.</p><br>
<p>Kate Chopin only lived here for about four years when her husband died. Oscar Chopin had suffered from malaria and overdosed on quinine, leading to his wife Kate to take over the business. However, she soon left the home and relocated to St. Louis, Missouri by mid-1884 to be with her mother. She left her sons with the family of her husband in Cloutierville.</p><br>
<p>Chopin used some of her experience in the town for inspiration for several of her writings, including Bayou Folk, A Night in Acadie, and The Awakening.</p><br>
<h2>Modern history</h2><br>
<p>The house was opened as a museum in 1979. Though the building was restored, the wainscotting was original, as were many of the glass panes. A collection of Chopin artifacts was displayed in one of the basement rooms. The museum, known as the Bayou Folk Museum (in part because of Chopin&#39;s book of the same name), was run by the Association for Preservation of Historic Natchitoches.</p><br>
<p>The house was destroyed in a fire on October 1, 2008. Though the cause of the fire was not determined, the home&#39;s destruction inspired the use of preventative measures at other historic structures in Louisiana. Its National Historic Landmark designation and National Register of Historic Places listing were withdrawn in December 2015.</p><br>
